Chapter 4 Flashcards
Cell theory
The scientific theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed, and that all cells are derived from pre-existing cells.
Plasma membrane
The selectively permeable surface membrane that encloses the cell contents and threw it all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass.
Organelle
What are the specialized structures within the cell, such as a mitochondria, goldy complex, ribosomes or contractile vacuole; many organelles are membrane enclosed.
Ratio of surface area to volume
Critical since everything that enters or leaves the cell must pass the membrane, some variations and cell shape increase the ratio of surface area to volume. Example: microvilli
Microvilli
Minute projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of a cell; found mainly in cells concerned with absorption or secretion, such as those learning the intestine or the kidney tubules.
Light microscope
Princess of a tube with glass lenses at each end in which visible light passes through stained or living cells. Lenses refract light in magnify the image.
Magnification
Ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to actual size of the object. Light microscope magnify an object no more than 2000 X.
Resolution
Minimum distance between two points I wish they can both be seen separately.
Electron microscope
Used to study the ultrastructure of cells. The electron beam consist of energize electrons, focused by electromagnets.
Ultrastructure
Define detail of a cell, generally only observable by use of an electron microscope.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
2-D image, like x-ray.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
3-D image, only surface.
Prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and Archaea. Smaller, simpler. most do not have organelles. found in bacteria and Archaea.
Eukaryotic cells
Protist, fungi, plants, animals. Larger, more complex. Have organelles. 
Nucleoid
Region of a prokaryotic cell that contains DNA; not enclosed by a membrane.
Cell wall
The structure outside the plasma membrane of certain cells; may contain cellulose (plant cells), chitin (most fungal cells), peptidoglycan and/or lipopolysaccharide (most bacterial cells), or other material.
Flagella
A long, whip like structure extending from certain cells and used in locomotion.
Membrane-enclosed organelle
Present in eukaryotic cells. Include nucleus and cytoplasm. Allow for different cell activities to go on simultaneously. Allows cells to store energy. Chemical reactions in cells are carried out by enzymes that are bound to membranes.
Nucleus
Contains DNA. Control center of the cell.
Cytoplasm
The plasma membrane and cell contents with the exception of the nucleus.
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane that separates nuclear contents from the cytoplasm.
Nuclear pore
 Regulate passage of materials between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
Chromosome
Structure in the cell nucleus That consist of chromatin and contain the genes.
Nucleolus
Specialized structure in the cell nucleus formed from regions of several chromosomes; site of assembly of the ribosomal subunits RNA (rRNA).
RNA (mRNA)
RNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein; transcribed from DNA.
The Endomembrane system
The group of membrane structures in eukaryotic cells that interact through direct connection by vesicles; includes the endoplasmic reticulum, outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and a plasma membrane; also called internal membrane system.
Ribosome
Organelle that is part of the protein synthesis machinery of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; consist of a larger and smaller subunits each composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesizes lipids and breaks down toxins. Synthesizes phospholipids in cholesterol to make cell membranes.
Rough endoplastic reticulum
Synthesize is secreted in membrane proteins.
Vesicle
Proteins exit organelles in bubbles of membrane called vesicles.
Golgi complex
A stack of membrane sacs called cisternae that act as a “processing center” for proteins.
Cisternae
Membrane sacs within the Golgi complex.
Cis face
Entry surface
Trans face
Exit surface
Lysosome
Compartments for digestion. Small sacs of digestive enzymes dispersed into cytoplasm of animal cells. Bud from the Golgi complex.
Secondary lysosome
Operate the digestion of nucleic material or foreign particles.
Primary lysosome
Small vesicles released from Golgi apparatus. Breakdown or digest material entering from the extra cellular environment.
Vacuole
Large, fluid filled sacs with a variety of functions including stores nutrients, routines in degrees waste product, accumulates poisonous materials, contains pigments, provides physical support.
Food vacuole
Fuse with lysosomes to digest food
Contractile vacuoles
Remove excess water from the cell
Peroxisome
Metabolize organic compounds. Contain enzymes that break down fatty acids, synthesize phospholipids, detoxify toxic compounds in human liver and kidney cells.
Mitochondria
Energy converting organelle. Make ATP through aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration
Converts chemical energy to food in ATP.
Intermembrane space
Formed from double membrane. Composed of outer mitochondrial membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane.
Matrix of mitochondria
The space within the inner membrane.
Outer mitochondria membrane
Fully surrounds the inner membrane, with a small intermembrane space in between.
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Separates the mitochondrial membrane from the intermembrane space.
Apoptosis
Cell death
Chloroplast
Convert light energy to chemical energy via photosynthesis.
Thylakoids
Interconnected system of flattened, saclike, membrane structures inside the chloroplast; the thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and enclose an internal space, the thylakoid lumen.
Granum
A stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast.
Stroma
A fluid space of the chloroplast, enclosed by the chloroplast inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids
Thylakoid lumen
Closed internal space that contains chlorophyll within thylakoid membranes.
Chlorophyll
A group of light-trapping green pigment found in most photosynthetic organisms.
Endosymbiosis
Type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside another.
Web of Life
The result of endosymbiosis
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein tracks and tubules. Functions include some structural support and aids in cell division.
Cytoplasmic streaming
Organelle transport, cell movement.
Microfillaments
The fibers consisting of actin protein subunits; form part of the cytoskeleton.
Intermediate filaments
Cytoplasmic fibers that are part of the cytoskeletal net work and are intermediate in diameter between microtubules and microfilaments.
Microtubles
Hollow, cylindrical fibers consisting of tubulen protein subunits
Kinesin
Protein belonging to a class of motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells.
Microtubule-organization centers (MTOC’s)
The region of the cell from which microtubules are anchored and possibly assembled.
Centrosome
An organelle in an animal cell that is the main microtubule organization center
Centriole
One pair of small, cylindrical organelles lying at right angles to each other near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of animal cells and certain protists and plant cells; each centriole is in the form of a cylinder composed of nine triplets of microtubules.
Cilia
Mini short, hair-like structures that project from the surface of some eukaryotic cells and are used for locomotion or movement of materials across the cell surface.
Flagella
Long whip like structure is extending from certain cells and used in locomotion. Eukaryote flagella consists of two Central, single microtubule surrounded by nine double microtubules, I’ll cover by plasma membrane. Bacterial flagella are filaments rotated by special structures located in the plasma membrane and cell wall. Archaea have a rotating appendage, and archaellum, for motility
Extracellular matrix
A network of proteins and carbohydrates that surrounds many animal cells.
Cell wall
The structure outside the plasma membrane in certain cells
