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BI 211 > Chapter 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life.

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2
Q

Unicellular

A

Life forms: consists of a single cell.

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3
Q

Multicellular

A

Organisms: depend on coordinated functions of cells organized to form tissues organs in organ systems.

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4
Q

Growth

A

An increase in size of individual cells in an organism, in number of cells or both.

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5
Q

Development

A

All changes that occurred during an organisms life.

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6
Q

Metabolism

A

Includes all chemical activities that take place in an organism.

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

Carefully regulates metabolic processes to maintain appropriate, balanced internal environment.

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8
Q

Stimuli

A

Physical or chemical changes in the external or internal environment.

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9
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Makes clones. Variation occurs only by mutations.

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10
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Fusion of egg and sperm, creates variation.

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11
Q

Evolution

A

The process by which populations of organisms change over time.

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12
Q

Adaptation

A

Inherited characteristic that enhance the ability to survive in a particular environment.

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13
Q

Reductionism

A

We learn about structure by studying all its parts.

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14
Q

Emergent properties

A

Characteristics of an object, process, or behavior that could not be predicted from its component parts; emergent properties can be identified at each level as we move up to the hierarchy of biological organization.

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15
Q

Atom

A

The smallest quantity of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.

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16
Q

Molecule

A

 The smallest particle of a covalently bonded element or compound; Two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds.

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17
Q

Macromolecule

A

A very large organic molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid.

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18
Q

Organelle

A

One of the specialized structures within the cell, such as the mitochondria, Golgi complex, ribosomes, or contractile vacuole; many organelles are member – enclosed.

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19
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural and functional unit of life, which consists of living material enclosed by a membrane.

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20
Q

Tissue

A

A group of closely associated, similar cells that work together to carry out specific functions.

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21
Q

Organ

A

Specialized structure, such as the heart or liver, a flower, made up of tissues that adapted to perform a specific function or group of functions.

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22
Q

Organ system

A

And organized group of tissues in organs that work together to perform a specialized set of functions

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23
Q

Organism

A

Any living system consisting of one or more cells.

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24
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species that lived in a defined geographic area at the same time.

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25
Q

Community

A

An association of populations of different species living together in a defined habitat with some degree of interdependence. Compare with ecosystem.

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26
Q

Ecosystem

A

The interacting system that encompasses a Community and it’s not living, physical environment. Compare with community.

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27
Q

Biosphere

A

All earths communities of living organisms and their physical environment.

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28
Q

DNA

A

Transmits genetic information from generation to generation. Controls growth and development of every organism on earth.

29
Q

Chemical signal

A

Means of communication between cells.

30
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger, often produce in one region of the body of a multicellular organism and transported to another region where it’s signals cells to alter some aspect of growth, development, or metabolism.

31
Q

Electrical signal

A

Means of communication between cells.

32
Q

Producer

A

An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw material; also called autotroph or primary producer. 

33
Q

Consumer

A

An organism that cannot synthesize its own food from an organic raw materials and therefore must obtain body building materials from other organisms. Also called heterotroph.

34
Q

Decomposer

A

Microbial heterotrophs that break down dead organic material and use the decomposition products as a source of energy. Also called saprotrophs or saprobes.

35
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple and organic raw materials; also called producer or primary producer.

36
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The biological process I captures light energy and transforms into the chemical energy of organic molecules which are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water.

37
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that cannot synthesize its own food from in organic raw materials and therefore must obtain body building materials from other organisms. Also called consumer.

38
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions. In aerobic cellular respiration, the terminal electron  Acceptor is molecular oxygen; and anaerobic cellular respiration, the terminal acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen.

39
Q

Evolution

A

Any cumulative genetic changes in a population from generation to generation. Evolution leads the differences in populations and explain the origin of all organisms that exist today or have ever existed.

40
Q

Systematics

A

The scientific study of the diversity of organisms in the revolutionary relationships. taxonomy is an aspect of systematics.

41
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms.

42
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Developed a hierarchical system of naming and classifying organisms in the 18th century.

43
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic organisms that have peptidoglycan in their cell walls; most are decomposers, but sum are parasites and others are autotrophs. Bacteria is the name of one of the two prokaryotic domains. 

44
Q

Domain Archaea

A

One of the two prokaryotic domains. the absence of peptidoglycan in their cell walls sets them apart from the bacteria.

45
Q

Domain Eukaria

A

The domain that includes all eukaryotes: protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

46
Q

Domain

A

The broadest taxonomic category; each domain includes one or more kingdoms. 

47
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy

A

Classifies groups of organisms for most inclusive (Domain) to least inclusive (Species or sub species)

48
Q

Kingdom

A

A broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla; many biologist currently assigned living organisms to five kingdoms in several “supergroups.”

49
Q

Phylum

A

A taxonomic grouping of related, similar classes; a category beneath the kingdom and above the class.

50
Q

Class

A

Taxonomic category made up of related orders.

51
Q

Order

A

Taxonomic category made up of related families.

52
Q

Family

A

A taxonomic category made up of related genera.

53
Q

Genus

A

 A taxonomic category made up of related species.

54
Q

Species

A

According to the biological species concept, one or more populations whose members are capable of interbreeding in nature to produce fertile offspring and do not interbreed with members of other species.

55
Q

Natural selection

A

The mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin; the tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive become the parents of the next generation. Evolution occurs when natural selection result in changes in allele frequencies in a population.

56
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Stated at all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small inherited variations that increase the individuals ability to compete survive and reproduce.

57
Q

The origin of species by natural selection

A

Proposes that present forms of life descended, with modifications, from previously existing forms.

58
Q

scientific method

A

The process that scientists use to investigate the natural world; includes observing, recognizing a problem or stating a critical question, developing a hypothesis, making a prediction that can be tested, making further observations, performing experiments, interpreting results, and drawing conclusion is supported falsify the hypothesis.

59
Q

Observation

A

The action or process of observing something or someone carefully in order to gain information.

60
Q

Question

A

The first step of the scientific method is the “question” the step may also be referred to as the “problem.”

61
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable statement about the nature of an observation or relationships.

62
Q

Prediction

A

What are you expect to happen if your hypothesis is true.

63
Q

Experiment

A

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

64
Q

Conclusion

A

A statement based on experimental measurements and observations.

65
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Making a specific statement based on a general principle.

66
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Developing a general conclusion from a collection of observations.

67
Q

Controlled experiment

A

An experiment in which all factors are held constant except for one: the independent variable.

68
Q

Theory 

A

Widely excepted explanation supported by a large body of observations and experiments.

BI 211 (9 decks)

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