Chapters 10-16 - complete Flashcards
1
Q
what is van Helsing’s first name?
A
Abraham
2
Q
what does Seward’s inability to diagnose or stop the progress of Lucy’s illness show?
A
○ This shows how Dracula exposes the limits of Western science and the power of rational thinking, as even modern medicine proves useless
§ People are made vulnerable to Dracula by a lack of understanding/an unwillingness to believe in superstition: they are blinded by the confines of rationality
□ This doesn’t mean that Stoker is saying we should all be irrational, its more that rational thinking within a limited space of experience/knowledge sometimes fails to discover underlying truths
® The Victorians were exploring the limits of rationality, and the relationship between the surprising, weird and supernatural-seeming advancements in science could be married with the razor rationality they were brought about by?
3
Q
what main quality makes Van Helsing the strongest/most heroic character?
A
- However Van Helsing, combining an open mindedness to superstition, a deep understanding of the techniques of modern medicine, and a strong rational capability (shown by his ability to perform blood transfusions), proves the strongest/heroic character
ANSWER SUMMARY: He is not limited to either superstition or enlightenment thinking, and instead embodies the best of both
4
Q
what do the blood transfusions given to Lucy demonstrate (3)?
A
- they demonstrate the bravery and chivalry of the men who donate their blood, as well as their moral righteousness
- symbolic of sex between the men and Lucy
○ It could also show how Dracula is drinking not only Lucy’s blood but the blood of all men who donated their blood to her
§ This could mean that he is slowly subsuming the male population, emasculating them as they slowly grow to ‘belong to [him]’
5
Q
give a quote showing Arthur Holmwood’s blood in particular (and actually all of the men’s blood) is pure and morally strong
A
Holmwood’s blood is described as ‘so young and strong and of blood so pure that we need not defibrinate it’ (remove fibrin which causes clotting) by van Helsing
6
Q
what does the blood transfusion symbolise in relation to marriage with a) Arthur and b) all the other men
A
§ For Arthur, giving blood to Lucy was like the consummation of their relationship and was a pure/good act, as it made them truly of one flesh
§ For the others, Van Helsing says that the blood transfusion made him a ‘bigamist’ and made Lucy a ‘polyandrist’ (a woman who is married to multiple men at the same time)
□ This perhaps shows the corrupting influence of Dracula or Lucy’s own immoral corruption
7
Q
- As Arthur says goodbye to Lucy (as Van Helsing realises she is dying fast), she puts on an ____ and ____ voice
give a quote about this moment
A
uncanny and seductive
○ It is described as ‘a sort of sleep-waking, vague and unconscious state’, and she speaks in a ‘soft, voluptuous voice’, saying ‘Kiss me!’
8
Q
when Jonathan sees Dracula what does he do
A
- he is overcome with fear and falls into a deep sleep and has forgotten everything when he wakes
- he is still pale and dizzy when he wakes
9
Q
what is Lucy called (as a vampire) by her child-victims
A
the ‘Bloofer Lady’
10
Q
when Lucy becomes a vampire, she becomes the monstrous antithesis of the victorian ____as she preys on whom?
A
mother
young children
11
Q
what does Dracula say to Jonathan before he enters the castle Dracula which tells us that Dracula cannot enter a home unless invited - how does this show that Lucy is complicit in her own downfall
A
‘enter freely of your own will’
12
Q
how is Dracula sucking Lucy’s blood akin to the sexual act?
A
§ It involves her inviting him into her bedroom, him penetrating her and drawing a little blood
§ It also leaves marks on her - which is perhaps akin to the mark of cain that the narrator receives in the bloody chamber?
13
Q
as a vampire, what does Lucy look like?
A
‘radiantly beautiful’
§ ‘sweetness was turned to adamantine, heartless cruelty, and the purity to voluptuous wantonness’
§ Lucy’s lips were ‘crimson with fresh blood’ and there is a ‘stream’ of blood trickling down her chin which ‘stained the purity of her lawn death-robe’
§ The men see her with ‘horror’
§ She is repeatedly described as ‘voluptuous’
14
Q
what is Lucy carrying when the men see her as a vampire and awake? what does Lucy do when she sees Arthur? how is she repelled in this scene?
A
a child
§ She drops the child she had been holding and demands sex from Arthur, saying her ‘arms are hungry for you’ and ‘come, my husband, come!’
§ She ‘recoils’ from the golden crucifix held out to her
15
Q
vampire Lucy is described as a ‘___which had taken Lucy’s ___ without her ___’ and she has a ‘___appearance’
A
Thing shape soul
carnal
16
Q
van helsing prepares to kill Lucy with ‘___’ (adjective) using what instrument
A
methodicalness - a stake
- combined rational scientific thinking and superstition
17
Q
how does the influence of the Undead (vampire) spread? (give quote)
A
like ‘ripples from a stone thrown in the water’
18
Q
killing Lucy will free Lucy’s soul so it can go to who?
A
the ‘Angels’
19
Q
who finally kills Lucy and how
A
Arthur - drives a stake through her heart
20
Q
give 2 quotes from Lucy’s death scene
A
§ Lucy ‘writhed’ and a ‘screech came from the opened red lips. The body shook and quivered and twisted in wild contortions’
21
Q
after Lucy is killed - what does Arthur do to her?
A
he kisses her - as Helsing encourages him to do
22
Q
which 4 key parental figures are killed after Lucy is killed and just as the novel is reaching its climax
A
○ Mr swales (the old man in Whitby, a kind of father figure for Mina)
○ Mr Hawkins (Harker’s boss and father figure)
○ Lord Godalming Senior (Arthur’s father)
Mrs Westenra (Lucy’s mother)
23
Q
what does the death of the 4 key parental figures do for the atmosphere at this point in the novel?
A
○ Death is pervasive in the novel - the atmosphere is very dark
○ No parent figures remain
§ There is a sense of vulnerability, isolation and lack of guidance
§ There is space for the characters to grow - Bildungsroman
Van Helsing becomes a sort of symbolic father figure for all characters
24
Q
what kind of christianity does Helsing represent
A
muscular christianity
25
van helsing experiences strong ___ which is a gothic convention. however he also retains a patriarchal exterior through self control
emotion
26
Lucy's mother s a figure of ___ as she embodies the hapless/inept mother figure
ridicule
27
van helsing is the symbolic ___figure
father
28
give a quote from Seward when he begins to question his own sanity
‘wonder if my long habit of life amongst the insane is beginning to tell upon my own brain’
○ This is his rational scepticism working, as he doubts the ancient wisdom/superstitious wisdom of van Helsing. This makes him doubt his own sanity
29
who is arguably the most masculine character
Quincey morris
30
what is a quote about the usefulness of a brave man's blood
'a brave man's blood is the best thing on this earth when a woman is in trouble'
- note that the brave man being so pure is a Manichaean idea
- this quote sets up an antithesis between men and women
31
give a quote expressing the ideas of muscular christinaty from van helsing
(Hint: its about what God sends us when we are in need)
'God sends us men' when we need them
32
give a quote from van helsing about Manichaean conceptions of good and evil
'check to the king!'
- the chess match is a Manichaean symbol which van helsing repeatedly refers to - the forces of Dark against the forces of light
33
throughout the story women are presented as inherently ____ and also ___ and hence threatening
transgressive (Lucy)
inept (Mrs. Westenra)
34
Lucy's first deathbed scene evokes what emotion
pathos
35
during Lucy's first deathbed scene, Helsing ensures Arthur and Lucy don't what
instead they do what
give a quote about this encounter
kiss
their eyes meet
(Helsing purifies their final encounter)
'their eyes met instead of their lips'
36
explain how Lucy's sexuality is made literally dangerous by her vampirism
- she would have harmed Arthur (made him a vampire) if she had kissed him
37
as a vampire, give 3 quotes to describe Lucy
a 'thing'
'unholy'
'nightmare of Lucy'
'blood stained, voluptuous mouth'
'devilish mockery of Lucy's sweet purity'
38
what are the two ways to interpret Lucy's final death scene
sexual and orgasmic
or rape like
39
give 2 quotes from lucy's second death scene which suggest it is sexual and give two possible interpretations of the quotes
'writhed...opened red lips'
'shook and quivered and twisted in wild contortions'
- this could be orgasmic
- however the violence could be rape like
40
the stake is a ____ object (Freudian analysis)
phallic
- showing a male assertion of dominance over her
41
give a quote about Lucy after she dies and explain how to give a christian interpretation of this
'holy calm that lay like sunshine over the wasted face and form...earthly token and symbol of the calm that was to reign for ever'
○ Her beauty is gone as she is ‘wasted’, but this is good as beauty is an earthly pleasure/virtue whereas spiritual beauty shines over her (a holy, unearthly virtue)
42
Arthur killing Lucy is an act of ___ give a quote to support this
give another quote to support the wider interpretation of Arthur's holy heroism in this scene
righteousness
'it was my hand that sent her to the stars'
Arthur is described like 'Thor' with a 'high duty' (a stake in his left hand and a hammer in his right)
43
who has the idea of the willing suspension of ___
disbelief
Coleridge
44
whose theory Is the sublime
Burke
45
as a vampire, what pronouns is Lucy described with
'it'
46
give a quote showing vampire lucy's unclean nature
blood from her lips 'stained the purity of her lawn death-robe' (lawn = white)
47
as Lucy becomes more other she also becomes more ___ showing a connection between what and what
immoral
foreignness and debasement
48
eyes are the window to the ___and Lucy's eyes are described as '____' as a vampire whereas before they were '______________'
soul
unclean
pure, gentle orbs
49
where does Lucy hold the child and what wider symbolic significance does this have?
on her 'breast'
- links to the subversion motherhood as it links to the image of a mother breastfeeding her child - but instead Lucy is feeding on the child
- This is similar to the vampire women who subvert maternal conventions in chapter 3 by feeding on a child as well
50
what does the repetition of the word 'voluptuous' to describe Lucy as a vampire show us about the presentation of female vampirism
it is equated with deviant female sexuality
51
what does lucy say when she is thirsty for Arthur ?
'my arms are hungry for you' and 'we can rest together'
Perhaps the ‘rest’ as a double entendres is reminiscent of the ‘eternal rest’ of heaven. Here, her words are a sinful subversion of the religiosity which would allow her to get to heaven
52
what two animals is Lucy compared with? give 3 key points of analysis for this
'cat' and 'dog'
○ Animalistic description shows her degeneration
○ The animals chosen are more domestic than wolves
- So she isn’t quite as far gone into immorality as Dracula
○ Cats and dogs often connected to disease and contamination
- A key anxiety of the time
53
give a quote showing Lucy embodying the tensions of the Madonna-Whore dichotomy:
○ ‘Lucy Westenra. Lucy Westenra, but yet how changed’
- The full stop is the dichotomy in the Madonna-whore complex
- There is no nuance in this divide - it is a simple Manichaean dichotomy
54
what kind of resemblance to human Lucy does vampire Lucy have?
a uncanny resemblance
- vampire Lucy is abhuman
55
what classical character is Lucy compared to
'medusa'
- like the femme fatale ( a dangerous sexualised being)
56
what is the femme fatale
- a dangerous sexualised being
57
how is carter's tricolour scheme used in Lucy's second death scene
(red of blood, white of Lucy’s dress, black of the child at her breast)
58
give a quote showing Lucy has significant power due to her sexuality and compare this to a similar Carter story
○ Arthur is ‘under a spell’
○ This is similar to the Company of Wolves, where the main character uses her sexual power to subdue the wolf
59
lucy's red stain on her dress could be similar to the mark of ___ in the bloody chamber
it could symbolise what two things
- cain
- loss of virginity/ menstruation
60
Carter and stoker exploit tensions between human and animal states - stoker sees the liminality between these two as a sign of ____ whereas Carter sees it as a sign of ____ (give some quotes to support this interpretation of Carter)
degeneration
power
- The mother in the bloody chamber is ‘eagle-featured’ showing her strength
- The Marquis has a ‘dark leonine’ head
- The wolf in the company of wolves has power due to his wolfishness
□ The nature of this power is kind of morally degenerate, but isn’t always punished in the same way?
61
Arthur embodies what type of Christianity during lucy's second death scene
muscular
62
in lucy's second death Arthurs hands are like the hands of ___ and give a quote to support this
- God
- his hand is a 'blessed hand'
- ○ his act was an ‘Infinite kindness which would restore Lucy to us as a holy, and not an unholy, memory’
- He has a stake in his left hand and a hammer in his right
- 'high duty seemed to shine through' his face
63
Arthur looks like what God and what does this show
'Thor'
- he is a hyper masculine figure
64
the name Arthur echoes what character in British folklore
King Arthur
65
Arthur has a heroic task when killing Lucy - in Angela Carter the men are not generally ___-
heroes
66
thinking of Lucy's death as sexual links to what angela Carter scene?
- the sex scene in the bloody chamber where the protagonist is 'impaled'
- they could both be seen as the consummation of the respective marriages
67
during Lucy's second death blood ' ___ ____' from her - what interpretation could this add to?
'spurted up'
- it could show a loss of virginity - adding to the interpretation of the scene as being symbolic of sex
68
what was the medical term for the female orgasm
hysterical paroxysm
69
what was believed to cure female hysteria and how does this link to lucy's second death scene
- Hysterical paroxysm was the medical term for female orgasm
- It was believed to cure female hysteria
○ This could be what the scene is showing
Especially as there are 2 doctors in the scene
70
what word is used by both Carter and stoker in relation to sex (symbolic and literal)
'impaled'
71
in both sex scenes in Carter and stoker (the bloody chamber consummation of marriage and stoker's symbolic sex scene in lucy's second death) both women do what
bleed
'I had bled' (bloody chamber)
blood 'spurted' from Lucy
potentially showing a loss of virginit y
72
___ knowledge is a key motif in gothic literature
forbidden
73
as a symbol, blood being shed during lucy's death scene could show what 2 things?
- an intimate bond formed between Lucy and Arthur
- a sacrificial quality to the death scene
74
stoker exploits victorian anxieties surrounding ___ in the description of Lucy's decline
tuberculosis
75
according to Ann Radcliffe, terror is ' ___ ___ __ ____'
' a presage of horror'
76
how does Seward respond to Van helpings superstitious practices?
rational scepticism
77
Lucy having the blood of 3 men inside her symbolically fulfils what wish?
- her wish to marry 3 men
78
what quote from Renfield captures the centrality of blood as a symbol in Dracula
'the blood is the life!'
79
for the men, all of them having their blood inside Lucy gives them what kind of bond
an intimate, strong, homosocial bond - it is a kind of brotherhood
80
___ is pervasive in the middle of the novel
death
81
for stoker, death and beauty are ___. there is something ___ about the idea of a beautiful corpse
juxtaposed
taboo/disturbing
82
documents such as Harker's journal, Mina's diary, letters and other documents are compiled in a ___, __ way
rational and ordered
83
how does Seward embody exceptionalist views?
- he thinks London is immune to the forces/superstitions of the past
84
what kind of knowledge does van Helsing have?
occult
85
van helsing is significant as a much ___ character in the novel. this could be useful in an investigation into the presentation of youth vs age in the two books
older
86
according to John Mullan in 'deathbed scenes in fiction' deathbed scenes are sometimes a test of what about a character?
the true religious faith/finer feelings of a character
87
according to John Mullan in 'deathbed scenes in fiction' deathbed scenes can be used to express the ____ ___ of their characters
unexpressed emotions
○ The finality of death/the fatal prospect forces characters to confess to feelings which they might not confess otherwise
88
give 3 key qualities of Seward
- rationalist
- modern
- scientific
89
give 3 key qualities of Van Helsing
- possesses forbidden knowledge (ancient wisdom, knowledge of the occult)
- foreign (but not too foreign)
- old
90
give 4 conceptions of Victorian masculinity
the pater familias
imperialist masculinity (masculinity abroad)
muscular christianity
dandyism
91
what is the pater familias
- masculinity at home
- the father is the patriarch, he is the master of the house, he has legal privilege over the property of the family, and has some level of authority over all members of the household
92
what is masculinity abroad
Victorian imperialists and explorers (such as Henry Morton Stanley) exploit areas of the world such as the Nile or the Congo river
- they are driven in part by adventure
- they export British values across the world
- they are seen as heroic
93
give an example of a Victorian imperialist explorer
Henry morton stanley
94
what is the basis for most ideas about victorian masculinity
muscular christianity
95
give 5 aspects of masculinity which originate from ideas of muscular christianity
- patriotic duty
- the moral and physical beauty of athleticism
- discipline
- teamwork
- self-sacrifice
96
what movements did Oscar Wilde spearhead
the aesthetic movement
dandyism
97
what 3 values did private schools expel in young men to prepare them for being soldiers/imperialists
- the expulsion of all that is effeminate, un-English and excessively intellectual
98
what is aestheticism
art explored for its own sake
with a heavy focus on beauty
99
when was Oscar Wilde put on trial and what for
1895
'gross indecency' (homosexuality)
100
bram stoker knew which victorian dandy?
Oscar wilde
101
by 1897 (in the wake of Wilde's trial) there was a great deal of suspicion of what
- what did this mean for male friendships?
- how is this represented in dracula?
homosexuality
even homosocial (platonic male) friendships ha dot be legitimised by the presence of a woman
- men are brought together by Lucy in Dracula
102
_____ ____ was equated with degeneration in the 1890s
deviant sexuality
103
what was the antidote to deviant sexuality/degeneration
muscular christianity
104
what quote is said to have inspired the novel? what kind of undertones does this quote have?
'this man belongs to me!'
- homosexual undertones/hinting at degeneracy
105
give 8 tings that blood can symbolise
* menstruation and links to reproduction
* Links to familial connection and heritage (your family is your blood)
* Christs blood/salvation in holy communion - links to Catholicism and transubstantiation. Consuming the blood of Christ as part of the Eucharist is mirrored in vampirism. The transformation in transubstantiation is a Gothic idea
* Blood links to change and transformation
* for vampires, blood is 'life' (a phrase which renfield repeats) - and symbolises vitality
* blood is a primal fear - which the gothic is concerned with
* links to disease and contamination
* ‘Blood on your hands’ is a sign of guilt
106
bram stoker uses blood transfusions in the noel - have they been developed at the time he writes the novel?
- not enough for common safe practice - their inclusion is almost sci-fi
107
give the order of the men who give their blood to Lucy and the significance of this order
1. Arthur holmwood
2. Seward
3. Helsing
4. Quincey Morris
* the English aristocrat blood is given first (Arthur is lord Godalming)
* Then the blood of the educated professional class, English (Seward)
* The blood of the old Western European philosopher (Helsing)
* the Young blood of the Wild West (Quincey)
○ there is an idea that all these 4 forces must join together to defeat Dracula - the threat from the East.
○ they all become allied in Lucy Westenra
108
give a sexual interpretations of the blood transfusions and the ramifications for a) Seward and b) Arthur and c) Lucy d) the men apart from Arthur
a) Seward sees the transfusion is an intimate and loving experience - as he loves Lucy
b) Arthur feels the transfusion consummates the marriage - ‘made her truly his bride’
○ However this means that all men who gave blood also became symbolically attached to her - she is the symbolic bridge of all of them
c) This makes her a ‘polyandrist’ according to Van Helsing
§ This is what she privately wished for
d) Van helsing notes now each of the men who gave their blood in some way sinned (apart from Arthur) as they were bigamists in sharing their blood (and Lucy was polyandrous)
* it also links to vampirism - legitimate vampirism as it is on the side of the good
109
blood can be a proxy for other bodily fluids like ___
semen
110
blood can be used to change your ___
essence
111
the struggle between good and evil is a ___ struggle in Dracula
Manichaean
112
what does Dracula/vampirism unleash in Lucy
sexual desire - as she asks Arthur to kiss her
113
what does stoker call sex in an article he writes called the 'censorship of fiction'
a 'force of evil'
114
in the 'censorship of fiction' written by stoker, what does stoker call emotions arising from sex
'the only emotions which in the long run harm are those arising from sex impulses'
115
in the 'censorship of fiction' written by Bram Stoker, what does he say about women and emotions arising from sex impulses
'women are the worst offenders in this form of breach of moral law'
116
according to 'fearing female sexuality in Dracula' by ray cluley how are the vampire women uncanny?
they cast no shadow
they inspire a 'dreamy fear' in Harker
their laughter is hard and mocking
117
what two conflicting feelings does Parker feel towards the vampire women
they are both 'thrilling' and 'repulsive'
118
what does harker's comment that the women are both 'thrilling' and 'repulsive' reflect ?
'the patriarchal hypocrisy regarding women's sexuality' (Ray Cluley)
119
the female vampires have a deliberate ___ and their behaviour is 'gloating' - what is transgressive about this?
voluptuousness
women enjoying their sexual power over men is transgressive
120
the vampire women are ___(beast-like)
bestial
121
hoarder is passive/feminine in his response to the vampire women - showing the vampire women don't just suck blood, they suck ___
masculinity
122
the vampire women are the epitome of the __ ___ (female archetype)
femme fatale
123
according to ray cluley, the fame vampires inspire desire and '___' in their sexual power
revel
124
give a quote about Mina Murray being forced to feed from Dracula
'suffocate or swallow some of the -'
the omission emphasises the sexual connotations
125
what burns Mina's forehead?
a holy wafer
126
what is the mark on Mina's forehead akin to (2 things)
Hawthorne's scarlet letter - a sign of adultery
- mark of cain
127
how could mina be seen as embodying a specific type of the new woman - give a quote
she has a 'man's brain' and a 'woman's heart'
128
mina proclaims herself '___' after her encounter with Dracula
unclean
129
Dracula's bleeding wound which mina is forced to suck from could be symbolic of what
menstruation - exploring anxieties surrounding menstruation
130
Dracula calls mina ___ in relation to the subversion of christian sacraments?
'my bountiful wine press'
- subversion of communion
131
what does Doerksen say the vampire illustrates
'illustrates the danger of releasing Victorian sexual repression'
132
some argue stoker uses the gothic to mask what
sexual fantasy
133
what does ray cluley say about Dracula and masculinity/the patriarchy
It could be that Dracula is the 'ultimate patriarchal fantasy'
134
what 2 reasons does cluley cite when arguing that Dracula could be seen as the ultimate patriarchal fantasy
- he usurps the female life-creating role with his bite
○ He consumes blood to triumph over fears of menstruation
He thus ultimately dominates women
135
give the order of whose blood is best out of the 4 male characters
1. Aristocratic Englishman
2. Middle class Englishman
3. Dutch scientist and physician
4. American
136
what is British exceptionalism
The idea that to be British was to be inherently superior (‘supported’ by the success pf the imperial project)
137
in what 3 ways is lucy's deathbed scene an example for how christians can die well
- Dies surrounded by people who love her
- She dies in her bed
- ‘Their eyes met instead of their lips’
Lips are corrupt so van Helsing desexualises the encounter - creates one of sanitised purity instead
138
what is the technical term for the art of dying
ars moriendi
139
what is a good death for victorians about
making peace with God
140
why would a slow death, such as death from tuberculosis, romanticised
to give time for spiritual reconciliation
141
how is lucy's ars mordiendi subverted?
her death is the beginning of her spiritual life
142
who did the victorian obsession with death arguably stem from?
temming from queen victoria who spent the rest of her life after her husband Albert died, in mourning
143
what was the life expectancy of a middle class man in the victorian period
around 45
144
where did most deaths take place
in the home
145
what become commonplace due to the closure of graveyards due to public health concerns - and when did the graveyards close?
large public cemeteries
1855
146
victorians had a particular anxiety about what? (to do with death)
being buried alive
147
victorians' fear of being buried alive was highlighted by whose story called the 'premature burial' in ___
Edgar Allen poe
1844
148
obsession with death led to a strong interest in ___
the supernatural
149
mediums were a common source of ___. yet many believed in them. one example of such a group of mediums is ____in Victorian New York
entertainment
the Fox sisters
150
by the 1890s, people had/hadnt realised that occultism was a bunch of tricks
had
151
how many years was queen Victoria in mourning for?
40 years
152
given lucy's second death scene could have been depicting the female orgasm, why wasn't it banned?
- The sexual aspect is symbolic
- The scene is moral, an example of patriarchal dominance, legitimised by being holy
- They are married as well
Note: sex is ok for the victorians within marriage! They are only prudish about sex outside of marriage
153
Dracula originally had what type of cover?
a yellow cover
154
what did a yellow cover signify for the victorians
potentially immoral/degenerate content (usually given to French books)
155
what was the nickname for the 1890s
the yellow 90s
156
what was another word for lunacy
being 'moonstruck'
157
in the victorian era, there was an attempt to ___madness
rationalise
158
what does the lunacy act of ___ (give date) say?
1845
- Obliges all counties to have at least one dedicated asylum
Over 60 asylums are founded, and 40 more over the following years
159
what was the social darwinist reason for the focus on establishing asylums
there was an idea that society could be cleansed from degenerate elements unfit for society
160
give 3 examples of things that could qualify as reasons for admissions to a lunatic asylum
- Disrupted menstrual cycle
- Emotionality in women
- Relationships/sex
- Physical illnesses
Lack of restraint/control
161
