Chapters 1-5 Flashcards
Intro VItro Fertilization
egg and sperm combined in the lab, low birth rate, risk of high blood pressure, no corpus luteum,
What influences resiliency(ability to overcome)
Culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status
How does resiliency affect you as an individual?
good intellect, sociable, self confident, faith, talents
How does resiliency affect you in for non individual
close caring relationship with family, high expectations,
Extra Familal: bonds with external adults, effective schooling, positive connections with organizations
What is the Nature v Nurture
whether development is primarily influenced by nature or by nurture, bio inheritance or environmental experiences
What is the Continuity v discontinuity
whether development is gradual, cumulative change(continuity), or distinct stages(discontinuity)
What is the earl v later experince
the degree to which early experiences(especially in infancy) or later experiences are the key determinants of children’s development
What is a correlational study?
describe events as they naturally occur, watching how kid who live on the beach are more likely to be able to swim
What is a experimental study
to draw causation, IV, D, control groups, etc
What is qualitative
open-ended questions, data open for interpretation
What is quantitative
surveys, numbers, easier to collect
What are the APA guidlines
Informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing, deception
What is informed consent
all participants must know what their participation will involve as well as the risks, they can withdraw at any time for any reason
What is confidentiality
all data must be kept confidential
What is debriefing
after a study, participants should be informed of purpose and methods
What is deception
any deception will not harm the participants and they will be debriefed afterwards
What is ethnic gloss
use of an ethnic label such as African American in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is
What is the cohort effect
people wit shared experiences, stem from being born at a similar point in history(Boomer, Gen Z)
What is the Prenatal stage made up of
Single-cell, fetus, to baby
What is infancy
beginnings of psych activity
What is early childhood
more self sufficient, play is important
What is middle and late childhood
increased self control
What is adolescence
logical thinking, physical changes(puberty, growth spurts etc)
What is natural selection
individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce
What is adaptive behavior
behavior that promotes organism survival in natural habitat, caregiver and baby closeness = increased chance of survival
What is evolutionary psychology
importance of adoption, survival of the fittest, and evolution shapes behavior, food scarcity=humans gorge=obesity problem
What is a chromosome
threadlike structure that made up of DNA
What is DNA
double helix shape that contains genetic info
What are genes
short segments of DNA, manufacture proteins and direct cells to reproduce themselves, single gene is rarely the source of protein’s genetic info
What is the bidirectional view
evolution created bio structures to produce tools, which influenced the environment creating new pressures for thought, consciousness, and language, evolution gave us bodily structures and potentials, but not dictating behavior
Where to twins come from
zygote that spilled, fraternal twins are two separate eggs and two separate sperm(dizygotic)
What is a geno type
all of person’s genetic material
What is a phenotype
observable characteristics, height, hair color, skin color
What is the dominant recessive gene principle
dominant overrides but can still have the recessive gene, two recessive genes cause it to show
How many X do men have
one, (XY)so if its fucked up, they are fucked up
How many X do women have
two(XX), so they can carry bad genes but still be fine
What is genetic imprinting?
expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or father passes on gene, mother or father gene might silence the other ones
When should a kid be adopted
kids adopted earlier turn out better, more likely to have psychological and school problems, and have similar rates of sociability to non adopted
What is behavior genetics
influence hereditary and environment on individual differences in human traits and development, twin study, looked at identical twins and fraternal twins
What is a positive genotype environment correlation
bio parents and bio child provide rearing environment to child
What is evocative genotype environment correlations
child characteristics elicit certain types of environments
What is Active genotype environment correlations
children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating
What is a shared environment experiments
sibling common experiences; family socioeconomic status etc
What is a non shared environmental experience
= child unique experience
What is a Gene x Environment(GXE)
specific genes and specific environments interact with each other
What are Polygenes
most traits are controlled by multiple genes
What is the germinal Period
prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception, 2 weeks after conception, creation of zygote, cell division and attachment to terine wall
What is the blastocyst
inner mass of cells that will eventually turn into the embryo, attaches to the uterine wall, and three layers of cells form, endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
What is the implantation
outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support the embryo
What is the embryonic period
prenatal development that occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception, cell division intensifies
What is the trophoblast
the outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo
What is the endoderm
inner layer, digestive and respiratory
What is the mesoderm
middle layer, circulatory system
What is the ectoderm
outermost, nervous system and brain
What is the amnion
bag of clear fluid which embryo floats
What is the umbilical cord
connects baby to placenta, two arteries and one vein
What is the Placenta
disk-shaped, group of tissue, small blood vessels intertwine but don’t join mom and baby
What is the organogenesis
organ formation during first two months
What is the fetal period
7 months, movement of eyes and arms, bones organs, baby bump appears, thumb sucking smiling, kicks and motor skill, neurons developing, bonding
What is in the first trimester
Germinal and embryonic stages
What are in the second and third trimesters
fetal stage
What is the neural tube
facilitate rapid growth of neurons, if they don’t develop anencephaly( child dies bc no brain development, and spina Bifida(paralysis of lower limbs
What is a teratogen
an agent that can cause birth defects or negative cognitive and behavior out comes(common threats:drugs, disease, diet)
What are some paternal hazards
lead, radiation, certain pesticides cause sperm abnormalities
fathers smoking during pregnancy
40 years or older, autism is likely
father’s drinking cause placenta problems
What are the stages of birth
6-12 hours for the first birth, uterine contraction dilates to 4 inches, the head moves through the cervix and the birth canal, after birth the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled
What are midwives
usually have a nursing degree, help with pregnancy, birth, and the immediate postpartum period,
What is a Doula
caregiver that provide physical, emotional, and education support before during and after child birth
What is Apgar test
5 health indicators within 5 mins
What is Postpartum Depression
also known as 4 trimester, weeks to months
What is postpartum blues
2-3 days, subside within 1-2 weeks
What is postpartum psychosis
they kill the kid
What is analgesia
full body, relieves pain
What is anesthesia
block sensation in part of body
What is oxytocin
stimulate contractions
What is a cesarean delivery
in baby comes out ass first(breech), bay is removed from uterus through abdomen
What is Brazelton Neonatal behavioral assessment scale
24-36 hours after, neurological competence, measure reflexes and reactions
What is a pre term baby
3 weeks or before pregnancy has reached full term, due to women birthing are older, increased substance abuse, increased stress, etc., more health and developmental problems
What happens postpartum
6 weeks after birth, the uterus returns to normal size, and emotional changes, usual connection and physical bond between parents and newborns
What do motor skill in infants repersent
solutions to the infants goals
What are reflexes
built-in reactions to stimuli, genetically carried survival mechanism: rooting and sucking reflexes, so that infants can receive nourishment on when something is in their mouth immediately
What is the Moro reflex
when startled, infants arch back, throw their head, and flings out their arms and legs then rapidly closes them
What is the grasping reflex
slowly develops from automatic to a more voluntary grasp
What are gross motor skills
skills that involve large muscle activities, like moving one’s arm and walking
first year: motor development milestones and variations(crawling, walking, etc)
Second year: more motorically skilled and mobile
Why is physical activity essential
refine developing skills
sports encourage children to be active and develop motor skills, exercise, enhanced self esteem, persistence, setting for friendships
negative: can bring pressure to win, stress, physical injuries, distraction from academic work
What are fine motor skills
finely tuned movements, grasping a toy or spoon
What do infants use fine motor skills for
barely any control, palmar grasp(palm) and pincer grasp(thumb and forefinger), perceptual motor coupling(coordinate grasping)
Who has better motor skills
girls: fine
Boys: Gross
What is sensation
occurs when info interacts with sensory receptors
What is perception
the interpretation of what is sensed
What is the ecological view
we directly perceive info that exists in the world around us
What is visual perception for babies
cannot see small things far away, can see patterns and colors,
What is perceptual constancy
familiar objects to have the same constancy not matter what orientation to them(ex. size constancy, shape constancy)
What is size constancy
objects remains the same even if it is close or far away
What is shape constancy
object remains same even if orientation to us changes
How does hearing affect infants
cannot hear soft sounds right after birth as well, less sensitive to the sounds, can determine the general origin of sounds
What is cephalocaudal pattern
the sequence in which the fastest growth occurs at the head
What happens to growth for infancy
the rapid increase in height and weight, double birth weight by 4mos, triple by first bday, gaining weight, eating, and sleeping
What should early childhood
slower growth slimming of body, more muscle in males and more fat in females
What happens in middle/ late childhood
body height increase, gradual weight and muscle increases, gender differences
What happens for adolescence
puberty, , rapid sexual maturation, hormonal, and bodily changes
When does puberty start
8.5 for females, 9.5 for males
What is puberty for males
start:10-13
end:13-17
height spurt, penile growth, pubic hair, teste development
What is puberty for females
9-15 years,
menarche,
heigh spurt, breast development, pubic hair
What are some hormonal things with puberty
androgens=males, testosterone
estrogens= females, estrogen
How can early maturing affect boys
early maturing boys perceive themselves more positively
What is the neurocontructivist view
bio+enviromental condition influence the brain
What is the forebrain
top portion of brain
What is the cerebral cortex
80% of brain volume, critically important for thinking, perception, language, other functions
What is the frontal
voluntary movements, thinking and personality
What is a parietal
spatial location, direct attention, maintain motor control
What is occipital
vision
What is temporal
hearing
What is laterlization
links between brain hemisphere and type of info processed by neurons(important for kids so that brain doesn’t prune neural connections)
What is myelination
process encasing axons with a myelin sheath begins prenatally and continues after birth
What do neurons in the frontal lobe do during the first year
reflex control(fine and gross motor skills) regulation of physiological state(what emotions are being shown)
What are some maternal hazards for women?
alcohol, fertility issues
what is validity
How true the data repersents the population
What is reliability
how likely are the scenarios will happen in the natural environment
what is dynamic systems theory?
infants actively use environment as well as bodily functions to achieve goals.
