Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is language
Form of communication can be spoken, written, or signed, is based on a system of symbols,
What is phonology
sound system of a language, including sounds that are used and how they can be combined( cu at =Cat)
What is Morphology
rule system that governs how words are formed in a language(Help+er=Helper
What is syntax
involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
What are semantics
refers to the meaning of words and sentences(knowing that girl and woman are different words but kinda the same)
What are pragmatics
appropriate use of language in different contexts(cussing around friends but not family)
What is the Infinite Generativity
ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules, relates to the rule system ie. phonology, and morphology (that girl bad af, bad can mean negative but as beautiful)
How does language develop for infancy
crying, cooing, then babbling, making the change from universal language(all those before) to the language-specific listener(6-12 months), using gestures, the first word spoken around the first year, and after that, a rapid expansion of words
What is Receptive Vocab
know the word but unable to speak it, (dogs get excited when hearing the word walk)
What happens in early childhood with language
advances in phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, transition to complex sentences begins at 2-3 years and continues to elementary,
What is middle and late childhood
Children become more analytical and logical in their approach to words and grammar, which is strong evidence that the phonics approach should be used to teach children to read; children writing comes from scribbling, and advances in language and cognitive development are solid bases for improved writing, strategy instruction also helps, children who are fluent in two languages have more advanced info processing skills
What happens in adolescence
more effective use of words, improvements in understanding metaphors, satire, and adult literary works and writing, use a dialect and slang
What are some bio influences for language
Enormous edge over animals, language usually affects the left brain hemisphere with Broca and Wernicke, Chomsky argues that children are born with essential features and rules of language(LAD, language acquisition device)(related to Piaget)
What does Broca region do
produce speech
What does Wernicke region do
How we comprehend language
How does the environment influence the language
Adults help children through child-directed speech, recasting, expanding and labeling, different language environment at home
What is the interactionist view
contributions of both bio and experience in language
What is horizontal decalage
Similar abilities do not appear at the same time within a stage of development; once a child can perform a specific task or function, they don’t immediately know how to apply the concept to other functions that have a similar conceptual ideation
What is private speech
girls engage in this more than boys( girls play with dolls and make them talk with each other)
What is overextension
Tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the words meaning(learn that his dad is a adult male, so he calls every adult male his dad)
What is underextension
Tendency to apply a word too narrowly; it occurs when children fail to use a word to name a relevant event or object(child might use the word boy to describe his brother but not the 9 year old neighbor
How does under and overextension relate to Piaget and Vygotsky
Relate to schemas; the male figure isn’t always going to be a dad; Vygotsky says that perhaps its cultural( girls socialize in play, so girls develop language faster than boys
What is fast mapping
Making quick connections between words than having limited exposure, children’s ability to make an initial connection between a comment and its reference after only a little exposure to the word, but it could be only knowing what the words mean in a limited environment rather than truly knowing the word in its entirety(showing a picture of a horse and the child goes nay, then a picture of a truck and not knowing what to do because its not a dog)
What is metalinguistic awareness(middle to late childhood)
knowledge about language, using language in culturally appropriate ways
