Chapter 9

Question 1

What is language

Answer 1

Form of communication can be spoken, written, or signed, is based on a system of symbols,

Question 2

What is phonology

Answer 2

sound system of a language, including sounds that are used and how they can be combined( cu at =Cat)

Question 3

What is Morphology

Answer 3

rule system that governs how words are formed in a language(Help+er=Helper

Question 4

What is syntax

Answer 4

involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

Question 5

What are semantics

Answer 5

refers to the meaning of words and sentences(knowing that girl and woman are different words but kinda the same)

Question 6

What are pragmatics

Answer 6

appropriate use of language in different contexts(cussing around friends but not family)

Question 7

What is the Infinite Generativity

Answer 7

ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules, relates to the rule system ie. phonology, and morphology (that girl bad af, bad can mean negative but as beautiful)

Question 8

How does language develop for infancy

Answer 8

crying, cooing, then babbling, making the change from universal language(all those before) to the language-specific listener(6-12 months), using gestures, the first word spoken around the first year, and after that, a rapid expansion of words

Question 9

What is Receptive Vocab

Answer 9

know the word but unable to speak it, (dogs get excited when hearing the word walk)

Question 10

What happens in early childhood with language

Answer 10

advances in phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, transition to complex sentences begins at 2-3 years and continues to elementary,

Question 11

What is middle and late childhood

Answer 11

Children become more analytical and logical in their approach to words and grammar, which is strong evidence that the phonics approach should be used to teach children to read; children writing comes from scribbling, and advances in language and cognitive development are solid bases for improved writing, strategy instruction also helps, children who are fluent in two languages have more advanced info processing skills

Question 12

What happens in adolescence

Answer 12

more effective use of words, improvements in understanding metaphors, satire, and adult literary works and writing, use a dialect and slang

Question 13

What are some bio influences for language

Answer 13

Enormous edge over animals, language usually affects the left brain hemisphere with Broca and Wernicke, Chomsky argues that children are born with essential features and rules of language(LAD, language acquisition device)(related to Piaget)

Question 14

What does Broca region do

Answer 14

produce speech

Question 15

What does Wernicke region do

Answer 15

How we comprehend language

Question 16

How does the environment influence the language

Answer 16

Adults help children through child-directed speech, recasting, expanding and labeling, different language environment at home

Question 17

What is the interactionist view

Answer 17

contributions of both bio and experience in language

Question 18

What is horizontal decalage

Answer 18

Similar abilities do not appear at the same time within a stage of development; once a child can perform a specific task or function, they don’t immediately know how to apply the concept to other functions that have a similar conceptual ideation

Question 19

What is private speech

Answer 19

girls engage in this more than boys( girls play with dolls and make them talk with each other)

Question 20

What is overextension

Answer 20

Tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the words meaning(learn that his dad is a adult male, so he calls every adult male his dad)

Question 21

What is underextension

Answer 21

Tendency to apply a word too narrowly; it occurs when children fail to use a word to name a relevant event or object(child might use the word boy to describe his brother but not the 9 year old neighbor

Question 22

How does under and overextension relate to Piaget and Vygotsky

Answer 22

Relate to schemas; the male figure isn’t always going to be a dad; Vygotsky says that perhaps its cultural( girls socialize in play, so girls develop language faster than boys

Question 23

What is fast mapping

Answer 23

Making quick connections between words than having limited exposure, children’s ability to make an initial connection between a comment and its reference after only a little exposure to the word, but it could be only knowing what the words mean in a limited environment rather than truly knowing the word in its entirety(showing a picture of a horse and the child goes nay, then a picture of a truck and not knowing what to do because its not a dog)

Question 24

What is metalinguistic awareness(middle to late childhood)

Answer 24

knowledge about language, using language in culturally appropriate ways