Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is the self?
All things that make you you
What are the three different parts of the self?
Self-knowledge, Self-concept, and Self-esteem
What is self-concept?
Overall knowledge or perception of who they are; it is domain specific
What is self-esteem?
Global evaluation of the self; aka self-image or self-worth
What is self-knowledge/self-understanding?
Child’s cognitive representation of the self
What is a possible self?
What an individual might become, would like to become, and is afraid of becoming
Give an example showing the differences between self-esteem and self-concept.
Self-esteem: good feeling about themselves; macro level– “I am a good person”
Self-concept: domain specific and achievement oriented– “I am good at football but not at school”
Why is it important for a child to understand the self?
Develops the personality, understand their own needs, identify the skills they need to be successful in life, manage emotions responsibly, achieve goals, maintain a strong social network…
How do we learn self-understanding as a child?
Through roles and memberships (family,culture)
Does the self-understanding change over time?
Yes
What are 2 milestones of self-understanding that occur during infancy?
- Mirror self-recognition (3 to 18 months)
- Telegraphic speech with self-recognition (2 years)
What is the mirror technique?
Putting something on nose results in child touching their nose when looking into a mirror
What is self-recognition with regards to the mirror technique?
understanding they are their own reflection instead of it being a kid trapped inside mirror
What is telegraphic speech with self-recognition?
Two-worded speech made up of “Me” phrases such as “me big”
What are 5 milestones of self-understanding that occur during early childhood?
- Confusion of self, body, mind
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Active descriptions
- Unrealistic positive overestimations
LOTS OF I and MINE phrases
What is confusion of self, mind, and body?
No separation from themself and body; describing the self as size, shape, or colors
What are concrete descriptions?
Describing the obvious; “I know my ABCs” or “I live in a big house”
What are physical descriptions?
Distinguishing themselves from others physically; “I am different from Sarah because I have brown hair while Sarah has red hair”
What are active descriptions?
Describe themselves by their actions
What are unrealistic positive overestimations?
“I am spiderman”
What are 4 milestones of self-understanding of middle and late childhood?
- Increased psychological characteristics and traits
- Increased social comparison
- Inclusion of social references in self-descriptions
- Real self vs ideal self
What are psychological characteristics and traits that are more commonly used?
I am popular, I am nice, I am mean, I am smart
What is social comparison?
What they can do compared to others
What is real versus ideal self?
Understanding their actual competencies and what they aspire to have
Why is the adolescence self-understanding development complex?
Compare themselves with others goes up but they internalize it instead of vocalizing it
What are the milestones of self-understanding in adolescence?
- Abstract thinking
- Self-consciousness
3.
What does increased abstract and idealistic refer to?
Broader than children; “I do not know who I am” or “I am an indecisive human being”
What does self-consciousness refer to in adolescent self-understanding?
They are more preoccupied about themselves; ties back to egocentrism
What is social cognition?
Process in understanding world around us; how we think and reason about other people
What are milestones of understanding others in infancy and early childhood?
Learning through other people; sharing and joint commitment
What happens in middle and late childhood to late adolescence with regards to understanding others?
- Increased peer interactions
- Increased logic
- Complex understanding of public and private selves; social impression publicly vs chill at home
Self-esteem across the lifespan with regards to sex differences
Men have higher self-esteem than women
Harter’s Self Perception Profile for Children domain ranking
Physical appearance then scholastic competence then social acceptance then behavioral conduct then athletic comepetence
How does self-esteem vary across the lifetime?
Up in childhood, down in adolescence and young adulthood, up in adulthood and elderly
What is identity?
Own self portrait based on multiple areas of our lives; such as career, spiritual beliefs, intellectual, political, physical, interests, personality
What was Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
People advance through eight stages of development based on how they adjust to social crises through their lives
What are the five stages we go through up to adolescence?
- Trust/mistrust
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt
- Initiative vs guilt
- Industry vs inferiority
- Identity vs confusion
What is trust and mistrust?
Child develops to trust with caregiver; event= feeding
What is autonomy vs shame and doubt?
Develop personal control over physical skills; event= toilet training
What is initiative vs guilt?
Asserting power and control over environment; event=exploration
What is industry vs inferiority?
Cope with social and academic demands in school
What is identity vs role confusion?
Development of self and personal identity
What is the difference between Erikson and Piaget?
Psychosocial (ERIK) vs Cognitive (PIA)
Stages with crisis (ERIK) vs Schemas, assimilation, and accomodaition(PIA)
Lifespan(ERIK) vs Early adolescence cap (PIA)
What is the similarity between Erikson and Piaget?
Stage based development, importance of development on life, roles of experience such as constructing knowledge(PIA) and social interactions=Idenity formation(ERIK)
What is the difference between Erikson and Vygotsky?
Psychosocial (ERIK) vs Cognitive (VYG)
Stages(ERIK) vs Zone Proximal (VYG)
Lifespan(ERIK) vs Early adolescence cap (VYG)
What is the similarity betweek Erikson and Vygotsky?
Both focus on development and interaction with environment
James Marcia
Student of erikson who said life isnt about experinces but rather identity status by committing or exploring(CRISIS) an identity
Identity Achievement
undergone crisis and made a commitment; businessmen who had midlife crisis to become priest because it would satisfy him OR apply to grad school
Identity Moratorium
during crisis, but commitments are absent or only vaguely defined; visiting different churches but not committing to one religion OR taking night courses to find out if you like it
Identity Forcelosure
commitment but no crisis; young marriage with no exploration OR take over daddy’s shoe store
Identity Diffusion
no crisis, no commitment; college gap year OR drop out and flip burgers with no worries
Oppression
Many of the cultural minority dimensions are likely an important aspect of their identity
Privilege
Many of the cultural majority are unlikely to view that status as part of their identity
Relationships and identity
Friends: serve as safe exploring experiences
Romantic: constructing identity and providing support for one another
Ethnic racial identity
includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and attitudes and feelings related to that membership
Bicultural identity
identifying in some ways with ones ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture
Positive ethnic identity
Results in positive development
Which of the following is considered a central aspect of an individual’s personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics
Self
Which of the following refers to what individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming
Possible Selves; refers to Metacognition and executive functioning
Difference between self concept and self esteem
Self esteem is a macro level understanding of self
Someone believes that they are a good person
Self concept – domain specific
Specifically I’m not a great athlete, but I am a good musician
The processes involved in understanding the world around us, especially how we think and reason about other people is referred to as social
Cognition
The development of self - ____ is defined as the child’s cognitive representation of self or the substance and content of the child’s self conceptions
Understanding
How do we come to recognize ourselves and others
Infants: self recognition = seeing their reflection in the mirror, through the mirror test/using the word I, my, or language/by perception and motor coupling, navigating the world around them
Childhood: vocalizing/language development, early stages of physical descriptors of social comparison (mostly in adolescence)
What is identity? What is the link between self and identity?
All the things that make up self play into our identity/underpinnings of identity
What is the difference between self understanding and self concept?
Self-understanding is the awareness of the their cognitive and emotional awareness of themselves
Self-concept encompasses the childs evaluation and beliefs about themselves
