Chapters 1-3 Concepts Flashcards
methodology
methodology
A system of practices, techniques, procedures, and rules used by those who work in a discipline
A system of practices, techniques, procedures, and rules used by those who work in a discipline
standard
standard
A document established by an authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example
A document established by an authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example
Project
Project
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result
Deliverable
Deliverable
Any unique and verifiable product, result, or capability to perform a service that is required to be produced to complete a process, phase, or project
Any unique and verifiable product, result, or capability to perform a service that is required to be produced to complete a process, phase, or project
- can be tangible or intangible
- can be tangible or intangible
Temporary endeavor
Temporary endeavor
The temporary nature of projects indicates that a project has a definite beginning and end
The temporary nature of projects indicates that a project has a definite beginning and end
- temporary does not mean short duration
- temporary does not mean short duration
Projects are temporary, but their deliverables may…
Projects are temporary, but their deliverables may…
exist beyond the end of the project
exist beyond the end of the project
Business value
Business value
The net quantifiable benefit derived from a business endeavor; can be tangible, intangible, or both
The net quantifiable benefit derived from a business endeavor; can be tangible, intangible, or both
Business value in projects refers to…
Business value in projects refers to…
the benefit that the results of a specific project provide to its stakeholders
the benefit that the results of a specific project provide to its stakeholders
Project management
Project management
The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements
The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements
Project management is accomplished through…
Project management is accomplished through…
the appropriate application and integration of the project management processes identified for the project
the appropriate application and integration of the project management processes identified for the project
A project may be managed in 3 separate scenarios:
A project may be managed in 3 separate scenarios:
as a stand alone project (outside of a portfolio or program), within a program, or within a portfolio
as a stand alone project (outside of a portfolio or program), within a program, or within a portfolio
Program
Program
A group of related projects, subsidiary programs, and program activities managed in a coordinated manner to obtain benefits not available from managing them individually
A group of related projects, subsidiary programs, and program activities managed in a coordinated manner to obtain benefits not available from managing them individually
Portfolio
Portfolio
Projects, programs, subsidiary portfolios, and operations managed as a group to achieve strategic objectives
Projects, programs, subsidiary portfolios, and operations managed as a group to achieve strategic objectives
Program management and portfolio management differ from project management in their…
Program management and portfolio management differ from project management in their…
life cycles, activities, objectives, focus, and benefits
life cycles, activities, objectives, focus, and benefits
Program and project management focus on…
Program and project management focus on…
doing programs and projects the “right” way
doing programs and projects the “right” way
Portfolio management focuses on…
Portfolio management focuses on…
doing the “right” programs and projects
doing the “right” programs and projects
Program management
Program management
The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to a program to meet the program requirements and to obtain benefits and control not available by managing projects individually
The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to a program to meet the program requirements and to obtain benefits and control not available by managing projects individually
program component
program component
refers to projects and other programs within a program
refers to projects and other programs within a program
Portfolio management
Portfolio management
The centralized management of one or more portfolios to achieve strategic objectives
The centralized management of one or more portfolios to achieve strategic objectives
Operations management
Operations management
an area that is outside the scope of formal project management as described in this guide; concerned with the ongoing production of goods and services
an area that is outside the scope of formal project management as described in this guide; concerned with the ongoing production of goods and services
Portfolio management aligns portfolios with…
Portfolio management aligns portfolios with…
organizational strategies by selecting the right programs or projects, prioritizing the work, and providing the needed resources
organizational strategies by selecting the right programs or projects, prioritizing the work, and providing the needed resources
Program management harmonizes its…
Program management harmonizes its…
project components and controls interdependencies in order to realize specified benefits
project components and controls interdependencies in order to realize specified benefits
Project management enables…
Project management enables…
the achievement of organizational goals and objectives
the achievement of organizational goals and objectives
Organizational project management (OPM)
Organizational project management (OPM)
A framework in which portfolio, program, and project management are integrated with organizational enablers in order to achieve strategic objectives
A framework in which portfolio, program, and project management are integrated with organizational enablers in order to achieve strategic objectives
- ensures that the org undertakes the right projects and allocates critical resources appropriately
- ensures that the org undertakes the right projects and allocates critical resources appropriately
Project life cycle
Project life cycle
The series of phases that a project passes through from its start to completion
The series of phases that a project passes through from its start to completion
- provides basic framework for managing the project
- provides basic framework for managing the project
Project Life Cycles (2)
Project Life Cycles (2)
- predictive
- predictive
- adaptive
- adaptive
Development live cycles (5, these are WITHIN project life cycles) 1
- predictive
Development live cycles (5, these are WITHIN project life cycles) 2
- iterative
Development live cycles (5, these are WITHIN project life cycles) 3
- incremental
Development live cycles (5, these are WITHIN project life cycles) 4
- adaptive
Development live cycles (5, these are WITHIN project life cycles) 5
- hybrid
predictive life cycle
project scope, time, and cost are determined in the early phases of the life cycle; changes to the scope are carefully managed (Aka waterfall)
iterative life cycle
project scope is generally determined early in the project life cycle, but time and cost estimates are routinely modified as the project team’s understanding of the product increases
incremental life cycle
the deliverable is produced through a series of iterations that successively add functionality within a predetermined time frame
adaptive life cycle
Agile, iterative, or incremental; the detailed scope is defined and approved before the start of an iteration (aka agile)
hybrid life cycle
A combination of predictive and an adaptive life cycle; those elements of the project that are well known or have fixed requirements follow a predictive development life cycle, and those elements that are still evolving follow an adaptive development life cycle
Product life cycle
the series of phases that represent the evolution of a product, from concept through delivery, growth, maturity, and to retirement
project phase
A collection of logically related project activities that culminates in the completion of one or more deliverable
phase gate
held at the end of a phase
Phase Gate 1
- can also bar offered to as phase review, stage gate, kill point, and phase entrance/phase exit
Phas Gate 2
Project management processes are…
Phase Gate 3
logically linked by the output they produce
Phase Gate 4
Processes fall into 3 categories:
Processes fall into 3 categories: 1
- processes used once or at predefined points in the project
Processes fall into 3 categories: 2
- process that are performed periodically as needed
Processes fall into 3 categories: 3
- processes that are performed continuously throughout the project
Process group
a logical grouping of project management processes to achieve specific project objectives
5 Project Management Process Groups 1
- Initiating
5 Project Management Process Groups 2
- Planning
5 Project Management Process Groups 3
- Executing
5 Project Management Process Groups 4
- Monitoring and Controlling
5 Project Management Process Groups 5
- Closing
Knowledge area
An identified area of project management defined by its knowledge requirements and described in terms of its component processes, practices, inputs, outputs, tools, and techniques
10 Knowledge Areas 1
- project integration mgt
10 Knowledge Areas 2
- project scope mgt
10 Knowledge Areas 3
- project schedule mgt
10 Knowledge Areas 4
- project cost mgt
10 Knowledge Areas 5
- project quality mgt
10 Knowledge Areas 6
- project resource mgt
10 Knowledge Areas 7
- project communications mgt
10 Knowledge Areas 8
- project risk mgt
10 Knowledge Areas 9
- project procurement mgt
10 Knowledge Areas 10
- project stakeholder mgt
Work performance data
The raw observations and measurements identified during activities being performed to carry out the project work
Work performance information
The performance data collected from various controlling processes, analyzed in context and integrated based on relationships across areas
Work performance reports
The physical or electronic representation of work performance information compiled in project documents, intended to generate decisions, actions, or awareness
Tailoring is necessary because…
each project is unique: not every process, tool, technique, input, or output identified in the PMBOK is required on every project
The project sponsor is generally accountable for…
the development and maintenance of the project business case document
Project business case 1
A documented economic feasibility study used to establish validity of the benefits of a selected component lacking sufficient definition and that is used as a basis for the authorization of further project management activities
Project business case 2
- list the objectives and reasons for project initiation; helps measure the project success at the end of the project against set objectives
A needs assessments often precedes…
the business case
Project benefits plan
The document that describes how and when the benefits of the project will be delivered, and describes the mechanisms that should be in place to measure those benefits
Project charter
A document issued by the project initiator or sponsor that formally authorizes the existence of a project and provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to project activities
project management plan
The document that describes how the project will be executed monitored, and controlled
2 main categories of influences 1
- EEFs
2 main categories of influences 2
- OPas
EEFs originate from…
the environment outside of the project and often outside of the enterprise
EEF’S originate from and
- may have an impact at the organizational, portfolio, program, or project level
OPAs are…
internal to the organization; they may arise from the organization itself, a portfolio, a program, another project, or a combination of theses
EEFs
refers to conditions, not under the control of the project team, that influence, constrain, or direct the project
EEFS can be 1
- can be internal/external
EEF’S Can be 2
- considered inputs to many processes, specifically most planning processes
Internal EEFs examples 1
- organizational culture, structure, and governance
Internal EEFs examples 2
- geographic distribution of facilities and resources
Internal EEFs examples 3
- infrastructure
Internal EEFs examples 4
- IT software
Internal EEFs examples 5
- resource availability
Internal EEFs examples 5
- employee capability
External EEFs examples 1
- marketplace conditions
External EEFs examples 2
- social and cultural influences and issues
External EEFs examples 3
- legal restrictions
External EEFs examples 4
- commercial databases
External EEFs examples 5
- academic research
External EEFs examples 5
- government or industry standards
External EEFs examples 6
- financial considerations
External EEFs examples 7
- physical environmental elements
OPAs 1
the plans, processes, policies, procedures, and knowledge bases specific to and used by the performing organization; can include any artifact, practice, or knowledge from any or all of the performing organizations involved
OPAs 2
- these assets influence the management of the project; they are inputs to many project management processes
2 “categories” of OPAs 1
- processes, policies, and procedures
- processes, policies, and procedures 2
- organizational knowledge bases
Processes, policies, and procedures are usually established by the PMO and…
can only be updated by following the appropriate organizational policies associated with updating processes, policies, or procedures
Organizational knowledge bases are updated…
throughout the project with project information
System factors include…
management elements, governance frameworks, and organizational structure types
system
a collection of various components that together can produce results not obtainable by the individual components alone
component
an identifiable event within the project or organization that provides a particular function or group of related functions
an identifiable event within the project or organization that provides a particular function or group of related functions
5 Systems principles
5 Systems principles 1
- systems are dynamic
5 Systems principles 2
- systems can be optimized
5 Systems principles 3
- system components can be optimized
5 Systems principles 4
- systems and their components cannot be optimized at the same time
5 Systems principles 5
- systems are nonlinear in responsiveness (a change in the input does not produce a predictable change in the output)
Systems are typically the responsibility of…
an organization’s management
governance
organizational or structural arrangements at all levels of an organization designed to determine and influence the behavior of the organization’s members
2 components of governance 1
- it includes consideration of people, roles, structures, and policies
2 components of governance 2
- it requires providing direction and oversight through data and feedback
Governance can include…
rules, policies, procedures, norms, relationships, systems, and processes
Governance influences how… 1
- objectives of the org are set and achieved
Governance influences how… 2
- risk is monitored and assessed
Governance influences how… 3
- performance is optimized
project governance
the framework, functions, and processes that guide project management activities in order to create a unique product, service, or result to meet organizational, strategic, and operational goals
the framework, functions, and processes that guide project management activities in order to create a unique product, service, or result to meet organizational, strategic, and operational goals
Project management office (PMO)
Project management office (PMO) 1
An organizational structure that standardizes the project-related governance processes and facilitates the sharing of resources, methodologies, tools, and techniques
Project management office (PMO) 2
- can range from providing support functions to direct management of one or more projects
Supportive PMO 1
Provide a consultative role to projects by supplying templates, best practices, training access to information, and lessons learned from other projects.
Supportive PMO 2
- serves as a project repository, degree of control is low
Controlling PMO 1
Provide support and require compliance through various means; compliance may involve adopting project management frameworks or methodologies, using specific templates, forms, and tools, or conformance to governance
Controlling PMO 2
- degree of control is moderate
Directive PMO 1
Take control of the projects by directly managing the projects; PMs are assigned by and report to the PMO
Directive PMO 2
- degree of control is high
A PMO may have the authority to…
act as an integral stakeholder and a key decision maker throughout the life of each project in order to keep it aligned with the business objectives
Ultimately, the project management role is tailored to…
fit the organization in the same way that the project management processes are tailored to fit the project
The project manager is not expected to perform every role on the project, but should possess…
project management knowledge, technical knowledge, understanding, and experience
project manager 1
the person assigned by the performing organization to lead the team that is responsible for achieving the project objectives
project manager 2
- distinct from the of a functional manger or operations manager
functional manager
focuses on providing management oversight for a functional business or unit
operations manager
responsible for ensuring that business operations are efficient
The project manager leads the project team to…
meet the project’s objectives and stakeholder’s expectations
PMI Talent Triangle 1
- technical project management
PMI Talent Triangle 2
- leadership
PMI Talent Triangle 3
- strategic and business management
technical project management
the knowledge, skills, and behaviors related to specifics domains of the project, program, and portfolio management. The technical aspects of performing one’s role
leadership (talent triangle)
the knowledge, skills, and behaviors needed to guide, motivate, and direct a team, to help an organization achieve its business goals
strategic and business management
the knowledge and expertise in the industry and organization that enhances performance and better delivers business outcomes
technical project management skills are defines as…
the skills to effectively apply project management knowledge to deliver the desired outcomes for programs or projects
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including… 1
- focusing on the critical technical project management elements for each project they manage
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including… 2
- tailoring both traditional and agile tools, techniques, and methods for each project
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including… 3
- making time to plan thoroughly and prioritize diligently
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including… 4
- managing project elements including, but not limited to, schedule, cost, resources, and risks
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including… 5
strategic and business management skills involve…
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including… 6
the ability to see the high-level overview of the organization and effectively negotiate and implement decisions and actions that support strategic alignment and innovation
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including… 7
project managers should be knowledgeable enough about the business to…
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including… 8
- explain to others the essential business aspects of a project
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including… 9
- work with the project sponsor, team, and subject matter experts to develop an appropriate project delivery strategy
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including…10
- implement that strategy in a way that maximizes the business value of the project
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including… 11
in order to make the best decisions regarding the successful delivery of their projects, PMs should…
Top project managers consistently demonstrated several skills including…12
seek out and consider the expertise of the operational managers who run the business in their organization
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 1
- strategy
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 2
- mission
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 2
- goals and objectives
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 3
- products and services
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 4
- operations
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 5
- market and market conditions
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 6
- competition
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 7
strategic and business skills help the PM…
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 8
to determine which business factors should be considered for their project
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 9
leadership skills
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 10
involve the ability to guide, motivate, and direct a team
The project manager should be knowledgable enough to explain to others the following aspects of the org: 11
- may include demonstrating essential capabilities such as negotiation, resilience, communication, problem solving, critical thinking, and interpersonal skills
A common denominator in all projects is…
people
leadership and management are ultimately about…
being able to get things done
leadership and management are ultimately about… but involves
politics involves…
leadership and management are ultimately about… Also Has
influence, negotiation, autonomy, and power
Top PMs are…when it comes to power
proactive and intentional
management vs. leadership 1
- management: more closely associated with directing another person to get from one point to another using a known set of expected behaviors
management vs. leadership 2
- leadership: involves working with others through discussion or debate in order to guide them from one point to another
Management characteristics 1
- direct using positional power
Management characteristics 2
- maintain
Management characteristics 3
- administrate
Management characteristics 4
- focus on systems and structure
Management characteristics 5
- rely on control
Management characteristics 6
- focus on near-term goals
Management characteristics 7
- ask how and when
Management characteristics 8
- focus on a bottom line
Management characteristics 9
- accept status quo
Management characteristics 10
- do things right
Management characteristics 11
- focus on operational issues and problem solving
Management characteristics 12
Leadership characteristics
Leadership characteristics 1
- guide, influence, and collaborate using relational power
Leadership characteristics 2
- develop
Leadership characteristics 3
- innovate
Leadership characteristics 4
- focus on relationships with people
Leadership characteristics 5
- inspire trust
Leadership characteristics 6
- focus on long-range vision
Leadership characteristics 7
- ask what and why
Leadership characteristics 8
- focus on the horizon
Leadership characteristics 9
- challenge status quo
Leadership characteristics 10
- do the right things
Leadership characteristics 11
- focus on vision, alignment, motivation, and inspiration
Leadership characteristics 12
laissez-fair leadership
Leadership characteristics 13
allowing the team to make their own decisions and establish their own goals, also referred to as taking a hands-off style
Leadership characteristics 14
transactional leadership
Leadership characteristics 15
focus on goals, feedback, and accomplishment to determine rewards; management by exception
servant leader leadership
demonstrates commitment to serve and put other people first; focuses on other people’s growth, learning, development, autonomy, and well-being; concentrates on relationships, community, and collaboration; leadership is secondary and emerges after the service
transformational leadership
empowering followers through idealized attributes and behaviors, inspirational motivation, encouragement for innovation and creativity, and individual consideration
charismatic leadership
able to inspire, is high-energy, enthusiastic, self-confident, holds strong convictions
interactional leadership
a combination of transactional, transformational, and charismatic
personality
refers to the individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
refers to the individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
complexity within projects is a result of..
the organization’s system behavior, human behavior, and the uncertainty at the work in the organization or its environment
system behavior
the interdependencies of components and systems
human behavior
human behavior
the interplay between diverse individuals and groups
ambiguity
uncertainty of emerging issues and lack of understanding or confusion
complexity itself is…
a perception of an individual based on personal experience, observation, and skill
rather than being complex, a project is more accurately described as…
containing complexity
containing complexity
Complexity as a characteristic or property of a project is typically defined as…
Complexity as a characteristic or property of a project is typically defined as…1
- containing multiple parts
Complexity as a characteristic or property of a project is typically defined as…2
- possessing a number of connections between the parts
Complexity as a characteristic or property of a project is typically defined as…3
- exhibiting dynamic interactions between the parts
Complexity as a characteristic or property of a project is typically defined as…4
- exhibiting behavior produced as a result of the interactions that cannot be explained as the simple sum of the parts