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Microbiology > Chapters 1&3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1&3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

The scientific study of how living things are classified

A

Taxonomy

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3
Q

the belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life

A

spontaneous generation

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4
Q

the biological conversion of sugar to ‘waste products’ as part of anaerobic metabolism

A

Fermentation

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5
Q

the idea that life arose from non-life

A

Abiogenesis

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6
Q

the idea that life only rises from life

A

Biogenesis

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7
Q

the idea that microorganisms are responsible for disease

A

Germ theory

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8
Q

An organism that causes disease

A

pathogen

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9
Q

list Koch’s Postulates

A
  • A suspected organism must be found in every case of the disease AND must be absent in every healthy individual
  • The suspected organism must be isolated from a diseased individual and grown outside the host
  • The suspected organism must be able to cause the disease when introduced to a healthy host
  • The same organism must be isolated from the newly-diseased host
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10
Q

building blocks of polymers

A

monomers

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11
Q

chains of monomers

A

polymers

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12
Q

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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13
Q

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

A

Hydrolysis

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14
Q

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

A

Covalent bonds

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15
Q

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally

A

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

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16
Q

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

A

Polar Covalent Bond

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17
Q

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

A

Electronegativity

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18
Q

mini-charges that result from the unequal sharing of electrons

A

partial charges

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19
Q

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

A

Hydrogen Bond

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20
Q

3 elements in carbohydrates

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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21
Q

simple sugar molecule

A

Monosaccharide

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22
Q

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

A

Disaccharide

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23
Q

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

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24
Q

a covalent bond that attaches one monosaccharide to another

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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25
Q

2 major types of lipids

A

Fatty acids, steroids

26
Q

complex ringed lipid compounds commonly found in cell membranes and as animal hormones

A

Steroids

27
Q

lipid molecules that have a hydrocarbon chain capped with a Carboxylic Acid functional group

A

fatty acids

28
Q

Three fatty acids together on glycerol

A

Triglycerides

29
Q

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

A

phospholipid

30
Q

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

A

Amphipathic

31
Q

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

A

phospholipid bilayer

32
Q

5 elements in proteins

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

33
Q

Building blocks of protein

A

amino acid

34
Q

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

A

Primary Structure

35
Q

Bonds that connect amino acids.

A

polypeptide chain

36
Q

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

A

polypeptide

37
Q

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

A

Secondary structure

38
Q

coil-like secondary structure of proteins

A

Alpha helix

39
Q

sheet-like secondary structure of proteins

A

Beta pleated sheet

40
Q

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

A

Tertiary structure

41
Q

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

A

Quaternary Structure

42
Q

3 components of a nucleotide

A

phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

43
Q

Bonds between phosphate group and pentose sugar in nucleic acids.

A

phosphodiester bonds

44
Q

nucleic acid that contains the ribose pentose sugar

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

45
Q

nucleic acid that contains the deoxyribose pentose sugar

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

46
Q

compound used by cells to store and release energy

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

47
Q

A protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells.

A

pilus

48
Q

the direct transfer of genetic material (DNA) from one bacterial cell to another

A

bacterial conjugation

49
Q

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.

A

Binary Fission

50
Q

clusters

A

Staphylo

51
Q

8 in a cube

A

Sarcinae

52
Q

four

A

Tetrad

53
Q

chains

A

Strepto-

54
Q

two

A

Diplo-

55
Q

organisms that are variable in shape

A

pleomorphic

56
Q

Spiral shaped bacteria

A

spirillum or Spirochete

57
Q

curved rod shaped bacteria

A

Vibrio

58
Q

rod shaped bacteria

A

Bacillus

59
Q

round shaped bacteria

A

Coccus

60
Q

existing as one shape

A

Monomorphic

61
Q

bacteria that vary in their
shape and size

A

Pleomorphic

Microbiology (16 decks)

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