Chapters 1&3

Question 1

the study of organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye

Answer 1

Microbiology

Question 2

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Answer 2

Taxonomy

Question 3

the belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life

Answer 3

spontaneous generation

Question 4

the biological conversion of sugar to ‘waste products’ as part of anaerobic metabolism

Answer 4

Fermentation

Question 5

the idea that life arose from non-life

Answer 5

Abiogenesis

Question 6

the idea that life only rises from life

Answer 6

Biogenesis

Question 7

the idea that microorganisms are responsible for disease

Answer 7

Germ theory

Question 8

An organism that causes disease

Answer 8

pathogen

Question 9

list Koch’s Postulates

Answer 9

• A suspected organism must be found in every case of the disease AND must be absent in every healthy individual
• The suspected organism must be isolated from a diseased individual and grown outside the host
• The suspected organism must be able to cause the disease when introduced to a healthy host
• The same organism must be isolated from the newly-diseased host

Question 10

building blocks of polymers

Answer 10

monomers

Question 11

chains of monomers

Answer 11

polymers

Question 12

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Answer 12

Dehydration Synthesis

Question 13

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Answer 13

Hydrolysis

Question 14

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Answer 14

Covalent bonds

Question 15

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally

Answer 15

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

Question 16

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

Answer 16

Polar Covalent Bond

Question 17

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

Answer 17

Electronegativity

Question 18

mini-charges that result from the unequal sharing of electrons

Answer 18

partial charges

Question 19

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

Answer 19

Hydrogen Bond

Question 20

3 elements in carbohydrates

Answer 20

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Question 21

simple sugar molecule

Answer 21

Monosaccharide

Question 22

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Answer 22

Disaccharide

Question 23

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Answer 23

Polysaccharides

Question 24

a covalent bond that attaches one monosaccharide to another

Answer 24

Glycosidic Bonds

Question 25

2 major types of lipids

Answer 25

Fatty acids, steroids

Question 26

complex ringed lipid compounds commonly found in cell membranes and as animal hormones

Answer 26

Steroids

Question 27

lipid molecules that have a hydrocarbon chain capped with a Carboxylic Acid functional group

Answer 27

fatty acids

Question 28

Three fatty acids together on glycerol

Answer 28

Triglycerides

Question 29

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

Answer 29

phospholipid

Question 30

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

Answer 30

Amphipathic

Question 31

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

Answer 31

phospholipid bilayer

Question 32

5 elements in proteins

Answer 32

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

Question 33

Building blocks of protein

Answer 33

amino acid

Question 34

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

Answer 34

Primary Structure

Question 35

Bonds that connect amino acids.

Answer 35

polypeptide chain

Question 36

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

Answer 36

polypeptide

Question 37

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

Answer 37

Secondary structure

Question 38

coil-like secondary structure of proteins

Answer 38

Alpha helix

Question 39

sheet-like secondary structure of proteins

Answer 39

Beta pleated sheet

Question 40

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

Answer 40

Tertiary structure

Question 41

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Answer 41

Quaternary Structure

Question 42

3 components of a nucleotide

Answer 42

phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 43

Bonds between phosphate group and pentose sugar in nucleic acids.

Answer 43

phosphodiester bonds

Question 44

nucleic acid that contains the ribose pentose sugar

Answer 44

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 45

nucleic acid that contains the deoxyribose pentose sugar

Answer 45

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 46

compound used by cells to store and release energy

Answer 46

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 47

A protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells.

Answer 47

pilus

Question 48

the direct transfer of genetic material (DNA) from one bacterial cell to another

Answer 48

bacterial conjugation

Question 49

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.

Answer 49

Binary Fission

Question 50

clusters

Answer 50

Staphylo

Question 51

8 in a cube

Answer 51

Sarcinae

Question 52

four

Answer 52

Tetrad

Question 53

chains

Answer 53

Strepto-

Question 54

two

Answer 54

Diplo-

Question 55

organisms that are variable in shape

Answer 55

pleomorphic

Question 56

Spiral shaped bacteria

Answer 56

spirillum or Spirochete

Question 57

curved rod shaped bacteria

Answer 57

Vibrio

Question 58

rod shaped bacteria

Answer 58

Bacillus

Question 59

round shaped bacteria

Answer 59

Coccus

Question 60

existing as one shape

Answer 60

Monomorphic

Question 61

bacteria that vary in their shape and size

Answer 61

Pleomorphic