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Microbiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial

A

Is any compound that can be used to kill or prevent the growth of one or more microorganism.

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2
Q

antibiotics

A

Which specifically target bacteria

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3
Q

Antifungal

A

Which specifically target fungi

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4
Q

Anthelminthics

A

Which specifically target worms

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5
Q

Antiprotozoans

A

Which specifically target parasitic protists

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6
Q

Antimicrobial chemotherapy

A

To administer a drug that will target the infectious organism without harming the host.

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7
Q

Synthetic

A

Drugs are made in a lab to mimic natural antimicrobials

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8
Q

Semisynthetic

A

Drugs are made by chemically modifying naturally occurring compounds.

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9
Q

Kirby-Bauer technique

A

Bacteria are spread on a general-purpose media, then premeasured amounts of antibiotics are placed on the media.

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10
Q

Zone of inhibition

A

This is the space around the disc where the organism did not grow.

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11
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

By adding varying amounts of an antimicrobial to different both cultures, you can determine. For a particular organism antimicrobial pairing.

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12
Q

Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

Is the ratio of how toxic to humans compared to the minimum effective dose.

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13
Q

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

A

Are those that have a wide range of targets.

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14
Q

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics

A

Are those that target a small range of organisms.

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15
Q

ABX

A

Antibiotics

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16
Q

Beta-Lactams

A

Are a class antibiotics that specifically target the process of cell wall synthesis and repair.

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17
Q

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)

A

They are bound by penicillin and other beta-lactams.

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18
Q

Penicillin

A

This is an antibiotic isolated from fungi of the genus penicillium.

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19
Q

Clavulanic acid

A

This increases the efficacy of penicillin’s in bacteria that are natural resistant.

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20
Q

Clavamox

A

A common drug cocktail, which is a combination of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin.

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21
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Are sometimes classified by ‘generation’ based on their discovery timeline.

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22
Q

Bacitracin

A

Is a commonly-used drug that can treat skin infections.

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23
Q

Vanomycin

A

Targets staphylococcus infections that are resistant to penicillin and methicillin or in patients that are allergic to penicillin.

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24
Q

Isoniazid

A

Is used to treat mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. They don’t target peptidoglycan.

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25
Aminoglycosides
Natural or semisynthetic antibiotics derived from actinomycetes.
26
Streptomycin
Attach to the small ribosomal subunit.
27
Tetracyclines
Block the 'entry' of tRNA to the ribosome.
28
Erythromycin
Bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Block the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA
29
Azithromycin
Bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Block the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA.
30
Folic Acid
Is an intermediate in the synthesis of nitrogenous bases and certain amino acids.
31
Sulfonamides
Are competitive inhibitors to enzymes in the folic acid synthesis pathway.
32
Fluoroquinolones
Targets DNA unwinding enzymes such as Gyrase.
33
Ciprofloxacin
Slightly different mechanisms in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, both eventually bactericidal.
34
Rifampin
Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase. Elongation in transcription but never happens past the 2nd or 3rd nucleotide, so no usable mRNA is made.
35
Polymyxin
Interacts with membrane phospholipids, distorting the cell shape and causing leakage of the cytosol.
36
Antifungal antibiotics
Drugs are those that treat infections with fungi
37
Macrolide polyenes
Bind specifically to steroids on fungal membranes making them more fluid and causing leakage of potassium and sodium ions.
38
Azoles
Inhibits the enzymatic pathway that makes fungal steroids.
39
Allylamines
Inhibits the enzymatic pathways that makes fungal steroids.
40
Echinocandins
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
41
Antiprotozoal drugs
Are used to combat animal-like protists.
42
Protozoans
Are polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris. Historically, protozoans were regarded as "one celled animals"
43
Quinines
Combats against malaria, which are derived from the bark of certain trees
44
Permeability
If an organism can change its permeability, the drug may be less able to go in an affect cellular function.
45
Horizontal gene transfer
Bacteria can also acquire new genes, in a processes called horizonal gene transfer.
46
Transformation
Direct pick-up of DNA from environment
47
Transduction
Transfer of DNA by a bacteriophage.
48
Conjugation
Transfer of DNA from one cell to another.
49
Competent
Cells need surface proteins to recognize and take up DNA
50
S (smooth) strain
Have a capsule that allows them to escape the host immune system --> Virulent
51
R (rough) strain
Do not have a capsule, so they cannot escape the host immune system --> Avirulent
52
Bacteriophage
Virus that infects bacterium
53
Pilus
A 'tunnel' between two cells connecting their cytoplasm
54
Virulence factors
The molecules that assist the bacterium colonize the host as the cellular level.
55
Which one is to specifically target bacteria? A)Antifungals B)Anthelminthic C)Antiprotozoals D)Antibiotics
D) Antibiotics
56
Which one is specifically target worms? A)Antifungals B)Anthelminthic C)Antiprotozoals D)Antibiotics
B) Anthelmintic
57
Which one specifically targets parasitic protists? A)Antifungals B)Anthelminthic C)Antiprotozoals D)Antibiotics
C) Antiprotozoals
58
Which one specifically target fungi? A)Antifungals B)Anthelminthic C)Antiprotozoals D)Antibiotics
A) Antifungals.
59
What is the overall goal for antimicrobial?
To administer a drug that will target the infectious organism without harming the host.
60
How many nonexistent 'ideal' antimicrobial are there?
There are 9
61
List all nonexistent 'ideal' antimicrobial
*Toxic to the microbe but nontoxic to host cells. *Relatively soluble; functions even when highly diluted in body fluids. *Remains potent long enough to act and is not broken down or excreted prematurely. *Does not lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance. *Compartments or assists the activities of the host’s defenses. *Remains active in tissues and body fluids. *Readily delivered to the site of infection. *Reasonably priced. *Does not disrupt the host’s health by causing allergies or predisposing the host to other infections.
62
What is the difference between synthetic and semisynthetic drugs?
Synthetic: drugs are made in a lab. Semisynthetic: drugs are made by chemically modifying the compounds.
63
Which two fungi produce antimicrobials?
Penicillium and Cephalosporium.
64
Which two bacteria can produce compounds that kill off organisms that ,ay complete with them in their own environment?
Streptomyces and Bacillus
65
What should you know before using antimicrobials?
1) identify the organism. 2) The organism's susceptibility to various drugs. 3) The condition of the infected individual.
66
What are the 3 ways of identifying microbes?
1) DNA sequencing 2) Straining, morphology, and physiology. 3)Advanced identification technologies such as mass-spectrometry.
67
In Kirby Bauer technique, Which ones are the zones of inhibition and which ones did not grow?
Blue= did not grow Purple=Zone of inhibition.
68
Explain the steps for the Kirby Bauer Technique.
1) After incubation, measure the zone pf inhibition for different discs. 2) The zone of inhibition for each antimicrobial is compared to a table of standard. 3) Using this table, you can identify which antimicrobials the organism is resistant to (R) or sensitive (S).
69
By adding varying amount os an antimicrobial to a different broth cultures, you can determine the ____________ for a particular organism antimicrobial pairing. (Hint: use the picture)
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
70
True or false: In-Vitro is in living host.
False In-vitro is in a test tube.
71
True or false: In-vivo is in a test tube.
False: In-vivo is in a living host
72
_________ means a drug is more effective, and therefore potentially more ideal for use in a patient.
High therapeutic index.
73
__________ means a drug is less effective, riskier to use.
Low Therapeutic index.
74
name the five targets what we discussed in class.
1) Cell wall synthesis 2) DNA structure and function 3) Protein synthesis 4)Cytoplasmic membrane structure and function 5) Folic acid synthesis.
75
What is the protein that allows that allows the cell wall to synthesis?
Penicillin-binding proteins.
76
What is the subunit of beta-lactams?
Penicillin
77
What happens when you do NOT use beta-lactams?
With no beta-lactams, cell wall construction proceeds and each cellular division occurs normally.
78
What happens when you USE beta-lactams?
With beta-lactams present, the expanding cell wall does not fully connect, so the cell growth 'spills out' of the cell wall and dies off.
79
true or false: Penicillin family will be paired with clavulanic acid.
True.
80
what is the combination of drugs in Clavamox?
Clavulanic acid and Amoxicillin.
81
What are Cephalosporins classified?
Generation based on their discovery timeline.
82
what does bacitracin treat?
Bacitracin treats skin infections.
83
What does Vancomycin treat?
Staphylococcus infections that are resistant to penicillin and methicillin.
84
Isoniazid is bacteriostatic when ____________ in mycobacterium populations.
Slow-growing.
85
Isoniazid is bactericidal when _________ in mycobacterium populations
fast-growing
86
Aminoglycosides such as streptomycin attach to the small ribosomal subunit and can .... (Hint 3 things)
1) prevent the ribosome from fully assembling 2)Make it difficult to transfer growing polypeptide. 3) Cause misreading of the mRNA.
87
Explain what happens when tetracyclines blocks tRNA.
Protein synthesis slows down or stops.

Microbiology (16 decks)

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