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Microbiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sterilization

A

Removes all living things from an environment, including bacteria, protists and viruses.

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2
Q

Decontamination (Sanitization)

A

Is the removal of vegetative cells and other potentially hazardous materials from a non- biological surface.

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3
Q

Disinfection

A

Is the destruction of vegetative (aka active) organisms from a surface.

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4
Q

Antisepsis (Degermation)

A

Is like decontamination, but on biological surfaces, Less-hazardous chemicals used.

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5
Q

Microbicidal (Bactericidal)

A

methods actually kill the microbes
(-cide=kill)

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6
Q

Microbiostatic (Bacteriostatic)

A

methods stop the microbes without killing them
-(Static= in stasis= not doing anything)

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7
Q

Incineration

A

Given enough dry heat, cells will completely oxidize, turning to ash

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8
Q

Heat

A

The primary physical method of control of microorganisms is the use.

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9
Q

Dry heat

A

Hydrates the cell

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10
Q

Moist heat

A

Can cause proteins to denature

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11
Q

Denature

A

The unfolding or breaking up of a protein, modifying its standard three-dimensional structure.

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12
Q

Boiling

A

is a good method for disinfection of water (or surfaces that can tolerate being submerged in water)

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13
Q

Pasteurization

A

Uses less-than-boiling heat to partially disinfect liquids that would be damaged by boiling

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14
Q

Autoclaving

A

uses high pressure to raise the steam point of water, meaning steam can exist at 121C and kill more (ideally ALL) things, including endospores.

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15
Q

Hot-air ovens

A

usually use gas or electrical coils to heat the air inside them above the temperatures that steam can reach (150-200C), Desiccating the organisms inside.

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16
Q

Cold

A

temperatures can be bacteriostatic, stopping organisms from growing or metabolizing

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17
Q

Lyophilization

A

Cold along with drying can be used to ‘freeze- dry’ cells which can keep them alive long-term.

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18
Q

Radiation

A

uses electromagnetic waves to damage cellular components

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19
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Creates charged particles in the cell, damaging it all over the place.

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20
Q

Non-ionizing radiation

A

Creates mutations in the DNA

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21
Q

Halogens (Chemical controls)

A

are elements found in Group 17 of the periodic table

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21
Q

Thymine Dimers

A

Form where two thymine bases are next to each other, creating a covalent bond between them)

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21
Q

Chlorine

A

Two major halogens are used as part of chemical control

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21
Q

Oxidizing agents (Chemical controls)

A

are chemical compounds that are highly electronegative and are able to steal electrons from other compounds

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21
Q

Iodine

A

Two major halogens are used as part of chemical control

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22
Q

Alcohols (chemical controls)

A

Generally short carbon molecules containing a hydroxyl (OH) functional group

22
Q

Phenol

A

is a benzene rings with a hydroxyl on it

23
Q

Heavy metals (Chemical controls)

A

Compounds containing metals such as mercury and silver.

24
Q

Describe the factors that would influence the preferred method for microbial control: Sterilization

A

Medical equipment that goes into the body. Growth media that needs to have pure cultures.

25
Q

Describe the factors that would influence the preferred method for microbial control: Decontamination (santiziation)

A

Scrubbing with soap and hot water to break up debris on cooking utensils. .

26
Q

Describe the factors that would influence the preferred method for microbial control: Disinfection

A

Bleaching an examination table between patients to make sure any residual microbes are dead.

27
Q

Describe the factors that would influence the preferred method for microbial control: Antisepsis (degermation)

A

Hand washing with soap and hot water. Swabbing skin with alcohol before a blood draw.

28
Q

Describe ‘dry’ methods for physical control, including mechanism of action and the reasoning for using them

A

1) Dry heat: hydrate the cell
-Incineration: Given enough dry heat, cells will completely oxidize, turning to ash.
-Hot-air ovens: usually uses gas or electrical coils to heat the air inside them above the temperatures that steam can reach, Desiccating the organisms inside.
-Lyophilization: Cold along with drying can be used to ‘freeze dry’ cells which can keep them alive long-term.

29
Q

Describe ‘wet’ methods for physical control, including their mechanism of action and the reasoning for using them.

A

2) Moist heat: Can cause proteins to denature
-Boiling: Is a good method for disinfection of water.
-Pasteurization: Uses less-than-boiling heat to partially disinfect liquids that would be damaged by boiling.
-Autoclaving: Uses high pressure to raise the steam point of water, meaning steam can exist at 121C and kill more things, including endospores.

30
Q

Describe the different ‘classes’ of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Halogen!

A

-Halogens: elements found in group 17 of the periodic table

-Ex: bleach and Iodine

-Targets: All living cells are susceptible, endospores can be killed with long exposure.

31
Q

Describe the different ‘classes’ of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Oxidizing Agents

A

-Oxidizing Agents: Chemical compounds that are highly electronegative and are able to steal electrons from other compounds.

-Ex: Hydrogen peroxide

-Targets: Endospores and living cells (That are not catalase-positive)

32
Q

Describe the different ‘classes’ of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Phenolic compounds

A

-Phenolic compounds: Aromatic compounds usually containing at least a hydroxyl group.

-Ex: Triclosan and Triclocarban

-Targets: Some bacteria (though there are some that are resistant), fungi, and viruses

33
Q

Describe the different ‘classes’ of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Alcohol

A

-Alcohol: Generally short carbon molecules containing a hydroxyl (OH) functional group.

-Ex: Ethanol and isopropanol

-Targets: Most bacteria, fungi, and viruses

34
Q

Describe the different ‘classes’ of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Heavy metals

A

-Heavy metals: Compounds containing metals such as mercury and silver

-Ex: silver nitrate (AgNO3)

-Targets: Some bacteria, fungi, and viruses

35
Q

Describe the different ‘classes’ of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Detergents

A

-Detergents: Usually amphipathic molecules that can react with the surface of the cell but also with the hydrophobic regions of the cell membrane

-Ex: Quaternary ammonium and sodium lauryl

-Targets: Certain bacteria and fungi. Some (like mycobacterium) are innately protected from it. Enveloped viruses.

36
Q

What kind of chemical control is this? and can you name the chemical?

A

Halogens and its chlorine.

37
Q

What kind of chemical control does hydrogen peroxide belong too?

A

Oxidizing agent.

38
Q

This chemical used to be in soaps and belongs to which chemical control group?

A

Triclosan and phenolic compounds.

39
Q

which chemical control belongs to isopropanol?

A

Alcohols

40
Q

Which chemical control does this belong too?

A

Heavy metal

41
Q

Which chemical group does this belong too and what is the name of the product?

A

Detergents and Sodium Lauryl

42
Q

True or false: Sterilization does get rid of endospores.

A

True

43
Q

True or false: Sterilization is only used to get rid of dormant cells.

A

False, sterilization gets rid of EVERYTHING, so that nothing stays alive.

44
Q

True or false: Decontamination is only critical to the environment.

A

False, decontamination is in food processing environment, breweries, wineries, dairies, and as well as clinical environments.

45
Q

What can you use to remove vegetative cells and other potential hazardous materials from a non-biological surface?

A

Scrubbing with soap and hot water to break up debris on cooking utensils.

46
Q

What is the goal of decontamination?

A

That goal is not to remove all life but to create a safe environment.

47
Q

True or false: Disinfection is usually a chemical process, rather than a physical one.

A

True.

48
Q

Does disinfection remove or kills cells?

A

Disinfection only kills them.

49
Q

True or false: antisepsis we can use cold water and soap before a blood draw.

A

False, We would need to wash our hands with hot water and use alcohol wipes for blood draws.

50
Q

Which on is to kill and which one is to do nothing. bactericidal and bacteriostatic

A

Bactericidal is to kill the microbes.
Bacteriostatic is to stop without killing.

51
Q

What are the functions of bleach?

A

Reacts with water to create hypochlorous Acid, HOCl.

52
Q

What are the functions of Iodine?

A

Sometimes as I2, sometimes as a complex with alcohol.

53
Q

what are the functions of Hydrogen peroxide?

A

This can form free radicals (OH-) which can react with many compounds in the cell, including DNA.

54
Q

What are the functions of Triclosan and Triclocarban?

A

Used in antibacterial soaps. Disrupt cell walls, cell membranes, and protein.

55
Q

What are the functions of Ethanol and isopropanol?

A

At high concentration(>50%), these can dissolve cell membranes, disrupt cell surface tension, and compromise cell structure.

56
Q

What are the functions of Silver nitrate?

A

Heavy metal antiseptics tend to react with specific functional groups in proteins and disrupt their functions.

57
Q

What are Quaternary Ammonium?

A

This is a positively charged ion that disrupts cell membranes.

58
Q

What are the functions of Sodium Lauryl?

A

This is a negatively charged ionic compound that also acts as a surfactant (which disrupts membrane surface tension).

Microbiology (16 decks)

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