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Western civilization > Chapters 1-2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hominids

A

the 1st human-like creatures

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2
Q

chronology of the 1st humans

A

Australopithecines
homo erectus
neanderthals
homo sapiens sapiens

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3
Q

paleolithic age

A

designates the early period of human history (stone age)

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4
Q

Neolithic revolution

A

(newstone) a significant change in living patterns- hunting gathering plants, and food production

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5
Q

Civilization

A

a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a variety of common elements

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6
Q

Basic characteristics of a civilization

A
  1. urban focus- cities became the center of development
  2. A distinct religious structure- gods = success
  3. A new military and political structure-organized bureaucracy
  4. a new social structure based on economic power-> kings -> priests -> political leaders -> warriors -> free people -> slaves
  5. the development of writing- written records
  6. new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity- architectural structures
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7
Q

mesopotamia

A

the valley between the tigris and euphrates in southeast asia( the land between the rivers)

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8
Q

Sumerian cities

A

were surrounded by wall made of mud bricks- the best building was the temple which was dedicated to the chief god/godess

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9
Q

ziggurat

A

massive stepped tower with a temple built in it

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10
Q

theocracy

A

government ruled by a divine authority

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11
Q

the mesopotamian gods

A

were considered agents of the gods and got their power from them

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12
Q

sumerian eletes

A

royal and priestly officials and their families

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13
Q

sumerian dependent commoners

A

the eletes clients who worked on their proprietary

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14
Q

sumerian free commoners

A

farmers, merchants, fishers, scribes, and crafts people

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15
Q

sumerian slaves

A

belonged to the palace officials

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16
Q

the Akkadian empire

A

sargon had much military power
his grandson naram sin= was the king of the 4 corners (world) but became very prideful, and at the end of his life the empire was lost

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17
Q

Hammurabi’s empire

A

“the son of babylon” reunited mesopotamia. Man of war and peace.

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18
Q

code of hammurabi

A

first written law- beginning of western law

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19
Q

the culture of mesopotamia

A

success depended on the gods
each city-state connected with a god
the temple was the true center of the community
enuma elish= a story about creation
polytheistic- worshiped many gods
cuneiform- first system of writing- mostly for record keeping, made it possible to communicate ideas in new ways

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20
Q

divination

A

seeking to foretell future events by interpreting divine signs

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21
Q

consequences of neolithic revolution

A 
permanent settlements
trade
specialized division of labor
improved tools domestication of animals
development of writing
use of metals
copper + tin = bronze
22
Q

Old kingdom

A

king menes of upper and lower Egypt unified them into 1 kingdom.

23
Q

Ma’at

A

the set of rules/guidelines that the pharaoh adheres to

24
Q

Vizier

A

“Steward of the land” directly responsible to the king- in charge of the bureaucracy

25
Q

Middle kingdom

A

“golden Age” 2055-1650 B.C.E

26
Q

society and economy of the middle kingdom

A 
wealthy people had more power
below the upper class were the merchants and artisans 
merchants worked in trade up and down the nile river to other towns and villages
artisans were great craftsmen who made: stone dishes, painted boxes of clay furniture, gold, silver, copper, paper, clothes, rope, 
most people worked on land that belonged to the pharaoh 
lower class = serfs, common people who were bound to the land
27
Q

the culture of Egypt

A

religion = society
pharaoh gave the cosmic order
sun cult developed because they realized that the sun way powerful
pharaoh = son of re (god)

28
Q

the pyramids

A

large complexes dedicated to the dead
stocked with good things for the dead to take with them to the other side
mummification- slowly dried the dead body to prevent it from rotting

29
Q

The Egyptians art and writing

A

wall paintings and statues of gods and kings in temples were for a spiritual purpose
Hieroglyphics = signs that depicted objects and had a sacred value at the same time

30
Q

Reasons why Egyptian civilization was considered the gift of the nile

A 
annual predictable flooding
food surplus
transportation-
security
changelessness
31
Q

hyksos

A

took over egypt, and taught how to use bronze in a new way- warfare, war chariot, compound bow, and a heavier sword

32
Q

new kingdom

A

more militaristic and imperialistic
most powerful state in the ancient near east
ended in the 20th dynasty in 1070, and became a province in rome

33
Q

religious change in the new kingdom

A

Akhenaten introduced the god if the sun disk as the chief god
changed the capital to akhetaten
tried to changed traditional religion but failed

34
Q

Daily life in ancient egypt

A

wisdom literature = marry young, and establish a home and family.
followed monogamy, but could have more wives if they could not bear children.
pharaohs could have harems, but only one queen
women were highly respected
marriages were arranged by parents
adultery was punished
used cats as a retriever for hunting

35
Q

the hittite empire

A

1st people to make use of iron- stronger cheaper weapons
constant fight over the throne
the law code was not that harsh
religion combined indo european deities and mesopotamia

36
Q

the hebrews united kingdom

A

1st kings = saul, david, solomon

37
Q

the divided kingdom

A

the kingdom split after solomon’s death
10 northern tribes
2 southern

38
Q

the spiritual dimensions of israel

A

Yahweh = chief/ only god
all other gods are idols
he created nature but is not defined by his laws
prophets were sent by god to be a voice to the people
all nations will one day come to the god of israel
god is above all
one day there will be peace

39
Q

pentatech

A

first 5 books of the OT

40
Q

torah

A

law code

41
Q

social structure of the hebrews

A

followed the 10 commandments
the men of rank and influence- were officials of the king military officers civil officials and governors
patriarchal
king could have 18 wives civilians could have 4
more wives = more children/sons
arranged marriages

42
Q

diaspora

A

scattered the jews throughout the land after the babylonian captivity in the 6th century

43
Q

the phoenicians - purple people

A

founded new independence
rebuilt their cities after they were destroyed by the sea people
expanded trade-sea- to a foreign market aswell (purple dye, glass, wine, lumber)
major cities: Byblos, tyre, and sidon
carthage major city and trading station
transmitters of culture

44
Q

Assyrian empire

A

had many foreign rulers
kings = absolute authority
eliminated governorships
iron weapons

45
Q

assyrian military

A 
effective military leaders and fighters
army was well trained and organized 
great at sieges and cutting off supplies of enemies 
terror warfare
great and powerful army
46
Q

assyrian culture

A

mixed freely with other nations
ethnic differences were not very important
chief god = ashur
used ag products as an exchange method
mix of mesopotamia, sumerian, and babylonian culture
masculine world
religion reflected other cultures

47
Q

the neo- babylonian empire

A

chaldeans
KIng nabopolassar-626-605 established a monarchy
king nebuchadnezzar -605-562- made babylon known for great lands, trade routes, and industries- especially textiles and metals
rebuilt babylon as the center of the empire
marduk=chief god
hanging gardens
King naberius- 555-539- neglected marduk and went to the god of the sun sin

48
Q

the persain empire

A 
organized clans 
led by petty kings
fell under the medes- became 1 
largest empire that has ever been
divided into 20 different provinces
49
Q

persian religion

A

zoroastrianism- the god ahuramazda=good fights against the evil spirit= ahriman
should have good thought, right and piety

50
Q

cyrus the great ( persian)

A 
made the satrapy- province 
 wise ruler
king of all
unusually a very good ruler 
`
51
Q

satrap

A

governor of many little governments

Western civilization (9 decks)

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