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Western civilization > Chapter 3-4 test > Flashcards

Chapter 3-4 test Flashcards

1
Q

What did early Greece look like?

A

Mountains and sea helped develop it.
Isolated by mountains
Willing to fight for their independence from other nations.
long sea coast- helped fight people coming from the sea, and had many trade ports.
Split into Sparta, Athens, Thebes, Macedonia, and Thessaly
The terrain encouraged the development of independent communities that fostered political participation

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2
Q

What made up Minoan Crete?

A 
Earliest civilization in the Aegean region.
Used bronze for weapons
not Greek but influenced them.
Much sea travel.
Grain= taxes to the king.
Ended around 1450 B.C.
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3
Q

What was Mycenae like?

A

Indo-European
Palace centers were built on hills surrounded by stone walls
War people
torched around 1190 B.C

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4
Q

What were the Greeks like in the dark ages? 1100-750 B.C

A

Population declined, and food production dropped.
Many left Greece
Saw revival in trade and other things other then agriculture
Iron replaces bronze
Phoenician alphabet

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5
Q

Why is Homer important?

A

Wrote the Iliad and the odyssey that described the conditions of the human brain.
Iliad = men week, and gods = strong
odyssey = virtue is better then vice
Educated Greeks

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6
Q

What was the Polis?

A

Encompassed a town or city and it’s surrounding countryside.
Place of refuge during an attack.
Varied in size

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7
Q

What was the new military system for the Greeks?

A

Hoplites: heavily armed infantry- wore bronze or leather
Phalanx: rectangular formation of shoulder forming
Used citizen soldiers
Engaged enemy head on

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8
Q

Growth of trade in Greece?

A

Expanded overseas

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9
Q

The effects of colonization in Greece?

A

Diffusion of the Greek cultural, helped the Greeks get their identity, and increased trade.

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10
Q

Tyranny in the Greek polis?

A

Got power from force
Kept power my paying soldiers
Encouraged cultural development
Power corrupts, and because of that no one wanted them

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11
Q

Sparta

A

Liked order, stability, and conformity- fought to keep it that way
Created a military camp
Perioikoi: free people, but are not citizens who were required to pay taxes and perform military service
Helots: Bound to the land, and forced to work on farms and household servants for the spartans

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12
Q

New Sparta

A

Isolationism
Babies examined to live or not
boys were taken from mothers at 7
at 20 men enrolled in the army- 60 got out
Declared war on the helots each year to keep them from revolting

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13
Q

The spartan state?

A

Oligarchy- ruled by 2 kings
Gerousia- a council of elders
apella- assembly of all male citizens
eplors- 5 men over 30 elected annually

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14
Q

Reforms of solon 594 BC

A 
Athens
Canceled all debts
freed slaves
outlawed humans as collateral
wealth = political office instead of birth
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15
Q

the move to tyranny in Athens 560 BC

A

Pisistratus seized power
gave land and loans to the poor
villages and townships as the basic unit of life

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16
Q

Greek culture in the Archaic age

A

Pottery and sculpture were influenced by Egypt
Kourosh- life size stone statues of naked men
sappho-greatest female poet

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17
Q

The first persian attack

A

Ionian revolt - 499-494
Persian invasion 490- battle of marathon
Athenians and plataeans confronted persians
Persians = light armed troops, mobile, flexible, relied on missiles
Greek = armed with heavy shields, relied on spear thrusts- close range (persians lost)

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18
Q

the invasion of xerxes 480 BC

A 
Persian (monarch) - lost
had 150,000 troops, 700 ships
Greeks held off persia for 2 days
Greeks formed a large army - 479 BC
Greeks destroyed a lot of the Persian fleet in the battle  at Mycale
Battle of Thermopylae 480
Battle of Salamis 480
Battle of plataes 479
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19
Q

The growth of the Athenian Empire

A

Delian league - new leadership against the persians - dominated by Athenians -island of Delos
Athens provided most of the ships to attack the persians
Persia was defeated in 469 BC
imperialism

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20
Q

The age of Pericles -Athens

A 
Expanded democracy at home while severing its ties with sparta 
ecclesia- the assembly of the people
strategoi
Ostracism
Aristocrats held most of the offices.
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21
Q

strategoi

A

elected generals

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22
Q

Ostracism

A

allowed officials to write down who they didn’t like or thought they thought were harmful

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23
Q

Hoplites

A

heavily armed infantry- wore bronze or leather

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24
Q

Phalanx

A

rectangular formation of shoulder forming

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25
Q

Kourosh

A

life size stone statues of naked men

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26
Q

The great peloponnesian war

A 
Started by Spartan fear of Athens' naval power
Athens - navy to give people supplies
Sparta- land power
Plague on Athens 1/3 gone 
Athens surrenders 
Greek city-states had petty wars
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27
Q

the decline of the Greek city-states

A

continuing warfare

oligarchical rule not working

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28
Q

Herodotus

A

First historian- wrote about the persian wars- put the gods into the explanation of history

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29
Q

Thucydides

A

Wrote about the peloponnesian war- fought in it- did not put in the gods as the explanation for what happens.

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30
Q

Aeschylus

A

525-456
first greek plays = tragedies
wrote 98 but only 7 survived
only complete trilogy = oresteia

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31
Q

Sophocles

A

494-406

wrote oedipus the king- theme:a free man must be responsible for his actions

32
Q

Euripides

A

485-406
created more realistic characters
portrayed war as barbaric had compassion for women and kids
good v. evil

33
Q

Greek comody

A

developed later than tragedies
Aristophanes - 450-385
started as inappropriate and dirty

34
Q

The arts

A

civilize emotions by making different expressions of human being, life like, and ideal beauty
improved temples- the parthenon- greatest example of greek architecture
classical architecture

35
Q

classical architecture

A

the search for calm, clarity, and freedom from super focused detail

36
Q

Sophists

A

a group of philosophical teachers who believed that understanding the universe is beyond the human mind

37
Q

Socrates

A 
469-399 
taught plato
goal of education = improve the individual 
socratic method
"corrupted youth"
38
Q

socratic method

A

Q and A leads students to see things for themselves

39
Q

Plato

A

429-347
greatest philosopher of western civilization
The academy
the republic- his ideas of how government should work
distrusts democracy

40
Q

Aristotle

A

Went to school Plato Established
Tutored Alexander the great
the good forms of government are monarchy aristocracy and constitutional government but monarchy turned into tyranny aristocracy turned to oligarchy and constitutional government turned into radical democracy but the constitutional democracy was the best

41
Q

Greek religion

A

Temples were the major buildings religion was social and practical in every day life they had 12 chief gods of Mount Olympus has a polytheistic religion each polis had one main God the first Olympics were in 776 and we’re held every four years
Mystery religions

42
Q

Metics

A

Resident foreigners in Athens

43
Q

Slavery in Athens

A

Everyone wanted at least one slaves

Slaves did the Diatomic ask or skilled/unskilled workers were paid the same as citizens

44
Q

Life in Athens

A

nuclear family
women always had a male guardian
hetairai- glorified prostitute
male homo- accepted

45
Q

Macedonia

A

Hellenistic- new series of kingdoms that blended the achievements of the eastern world with the cultural of the Greeks
Macedonians not Greek but were treated like Greeks in the Olympics
under king Archelaus became an important kingdom (413-399)

46
Q

Philip and the conquest of Greece

A

359-366
Spent 3 years as a hostage
Created lighter armed soldiers
Used 18 ft spears 2x as long as the Greeks
improved catapults
Athens fought Macedonia at the battle of chaeronea 338
Philip crushed them
Greek states made an alliance- Corinthian league
Unified Macedonia, created a powerful military machine, and subdued the Greeks

47
Q

Alexander the Great

A

336-323
334- Captured half of the western part of Asia Minor
333- Battle of Issus (won)
Sieged tyre and Gaza to prevent persian control-built a bridge- took 6 months
332- Syria Palestine, and Egypt were under Alex
331- Fought Persians @ Gaugamela
Daris killed by one of his own men
330- Took over as king of Persia
327- Battle of the Hydaspes river Won part of India 323- died at 32 from alcohol, wounds, and fever

48
Q

Alexander’s military success

A 
Great leader
Good tactical skills
Quick to adapt
Loyal soldiers
did not hesitate
payed attention to details
Good use of siege warfare
49
Q

Alexander’s legacy

A

Created a new age-hellenistic
Created more opportunities for the Greeks
Greek culture spread throughout the near east
Clash and fusion of different cultures
Transformed army into a international one

50
Q

The 4 kingdoms

A

Antigonid- kingdom of Macedonia
Seleucid- kingdom of Syria-Largest hard time controlling eastern territories
Attalids- kingdom of Pergamum
Ptolemaic- kingdom of Egypt

51
Q

India

A

Chandra gupta- created a new state, and drove out seleucid forces
Asoka= greatest Indian ruler

52
Q

Political and military institutions int the hellenistic kingdoms

A

Monarchies created stability
To the Greeks monarchies were barbaric
Greeks kept the leadership positions, and kept non Greeks out
war was a crucial part in the Hellenistic world
Used elephants new siege towers, and Catapults

53
Q

Hellenistic cities

A 
Dominated by Gree cultural
Military cities- kept order few hundred - dependent on king
Independent cities- thousands of men- 
Seleucus- kept finding new cities
Spread throughout the east
Greeks were "better" than everyone else
planned cities rectangular grid
54
Q

Economic trends in the Hellenistic cities

A 
Greeks kept their farming patterns
Farms were owned by kings
Industry spread east
Trade grew
less political barriers
greatest trade= grain
55
Q

New opportunities for women (rich)

A

politics
some kings married sisters
managed slaves
educated in music, literature, athletics

56
Q

Role of slavery in the hellenistic cities

A

normal part of life
Became slaves because: children of slaves, sold by parents, children who were left to die kidnapped by pirates, prisoners of war
Macedonians, thracians, and Italians were more money
Were hellenized

57
Q

The transformation of education in the hellenistic cities

A

Gymnanism- mainly for athletics, but transformed into a school.
Payed for by the rich people
Gymnasiarch- the head of the gymnasium- not paid

58
Q

Theocritus

A

315-250

wrote poems about the beauty of nature

59
Q

New directions in literature

A

Alexandria- brought scholars and poets there
Athens= theatre center
new kind of comedy- entertained instead of making fun of politics
more historical and bio lit

60
Q

Meander

A

play writer- best rep for the new kind of comedy

61
Q

Polybius

A

Chief historian

62
Q

Hellenistic art

A

more greek sculptors

moved from idealism to emotional sculptors

63
Q

Science

A

Separation between science and philosophy
Systematic observation- the starting point for generalization
Astronomy

64
Q

Aristarchus

A

310-230

developed a heliocentric view of the universe

65
Q

heliocentric

A

The belief that the earth rotates around the sun and on an axis

66
Q

Geocentric

A

The belief that the earth is the center of the universe

67
Q

Eratosthenes

A

275-194

said the earth was round, and came very close to the actual circumference

68
Q

Euclid

A

300

Geometry

69
Q

Archimedes

A 
287-212
Most famous scientist in the hellenistic period
known for spheres and cylinders
established pi
inventor of the weapons
70
Q

medicine

A

Hippocrates- the first to separate medicine from philosophy by stressing natural explanation
Erasistratus- process of digestion
Herophilus- brain, eye, liver, and nervous, and the reproduction
used dissection and vivisection

71
Q

Epicureanism

A

Epicurus 341-270
the doctrine of pleasure- true good
gods do not play an active role on the world
happiness= goal in life

72
Q

Stoicism

A

Zeno 335-263
most popular philosophy
true happiness came from the will of nature
All people are =

73
Q

The Jews in the hellenistic world

A

Jews religion was different from all the rest- monotheistic
Judas Maccabeus- led a revolt
Recaptured temple- hanukkah
lived by their own laws

74
Q

King Phillip allowed Greek city-states autonomy in what?

A

Domestic affairs only

75
Q

The economy of the Hellenistic kingdoms is most noted for?

A

expansion of commerce and trade

Western civilization (9 decks)

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