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Western civilization > Chapter 5-6 test > Flashcards

Chapter 5-6 test Flashcards

1
Q

When was the city of Rome founded?

A

753 BC

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2
Q

What is the Significance and Legacy of Rome?

A
  1. Preservation of Hellenistic/Classical World.
  2. Grew from a small city-state to a colossal empire that encompassed all of Mediterranean World, part of northern England, and most of Asia Minor.
  3. Influenced future civilizations in terms of military, architecture, and politic.
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3
Q

Name the Mountain Range that forged the backbone of Italy’s Mountainous Geography.

A

Appennine Mountain

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4
Q

Name the river that encompasses Central Italy.

A

Tiber River

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5
Q

Name the body of sea that separates Italian Peninsula from Balkan Peninsula

A

Adriatic Sea

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6
Q

Name the body of sea that is below the Adriatic Sea, and surrounds southern tip of Italy

A

Ionian Sea

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7
Q

Name the body of sea that is part of the Mediterranean Sea, located off the Western Coast of Italy, and named after the same group of people who were identified since 6th Century BCE alongside with the Etruscans

A

Tyrrhenian Sea

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8
Q

Etruscans

A

. Came from Etrusia, north of Latium Plain

  1. Might came from the region that is now known as Western Turkey.
  2. Didn’t share the similar culture as Indo-European people or Roman does.
  3. Had its alphabet based off the Greek’s, yet it still remained untranslatable (like Linear A)
  4. Created its own confederacy through self-ruling city-states.
  5. Fortified themselves with walls and live mostly inland (like Mycenaeans), to protect themselves.
  6. Controlled the majority of Italian Peninsula at its height, but eventually faded on 400 BCE when their power was limited to Etrusia.
  7. Was invaded by Gaul and conquered by Turks.
  8. Influenced Roman Culture and History
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9
Q

In what way did the Etruscans influenced the Roman?

A

The Roman toga, Gladiatorial sporting, The arch and vault, Senate, Polytheism, Divination, and Mythology.
Brought urbanization

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10
Q

In what way did the Greek influenced Rome?

A

Artwork, Sculpture, Alphabet and Polytheism, toga, short cloak, lit, architecture.

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11
Q

Romulus and Remus

A
  1. Were also believed to be the founder of Rome. 753
  2. Were Sons of Rhea and Mars (God of War)
  3. Were Raised by She-Wolf (which is portrayed in the Statue bronze statue produced in c. 500-480 BCE)
  4. Were saved in the Palatine Hill.
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12
Q

Livy

A

historian who was not always factual but taught moral lessons in his stories

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13
Q

In what ways were the Etruscans influenced by the Greeks?

A

Filled tombs with Greek pottery
2. Imitated some of the sea faring methods (spent time as pirates)
3. They don’t speak indo-european languages but they do use an alphabet similar to Greek alphabets
4. Their temples are heavily influenced by Greek Architecture (From column construction to ground set up).
In what ways were the Etruscans influenced by the Greeks?

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14
Q

Republic

A

Name the political system that:
1. Its power is held by representatives who are elected by people.
2. Originated from the Latin phrase “Res publica”, or “the public affair”.


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15
Q

Consul

A
  1. It appeared in the early Roman Republic, and there can be two of them.
  2. Whoever holds such position had full executive/judicial authority, and could veto each other.
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16
Q

Patricians

A
  1. Was wealthy and powerful
  2. Represented 2% of the population
  3. Controlled the Senate and dictated the voting process



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17
Q

Plebeians

A
  1. Was relatively poor, composed of farmers and artisans
  2. Was Known as “plebs”, for the people.
  3. Was allowed to serve for the military, but not allowed to hold public office.
  4. Was discriminated judicially because they were informed very few of their legal rights, and was threatened with debt slavery.
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18
Q

The Laws of the Twelve Tables (450 BCE)

A
  1. Was the earliest codification of its kind
  2. Ensured the protection of Plebeian rights.
  3. Created the position of tribunes to represent the interest of Plebeians.
  4. Allowed Plebeians to have political majorities.
  5. Aimed to achieve balance of power between the Senate and the Plebeian Council.
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19
Q

Concilium Plebis

A

Name the Latin Term that stands for “Council of the People”, in which Plebeians were allowed to have political majority and own legislative power that government were forced to agree to.

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20
Q

Tribunes

A
  1. Served to protect the interest/right of the ordinary people, or the Plebs.
  2. Represented every available tribes in Rome.
    
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21
Q

Forum

A

Name the place where Romans would gather to discuss political manners. Now it is a common term for any conferences/meetings bearing such resemblance. (Like Davos)

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22
Q

Conflict of the Orders (494-287 BCE)

A
  1. Laws of the 12 Tables was realized
  2. its political system was very militaristic, not democratic, as the political power can pass down from one family to another
  3. The power struggle between Plebeians and Patricians occurred.
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23
Q

Carthage

A
  1. Its people spoke Phoenician language.
  2. It was located in modern day Tunisia on the coast.
  3. Fought against Rome three times in the Punic Wars.
  4. It was the place where Hannibal was born and became the heroic general.
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24
Q

First Punic War (264-241 BCE)

A
  1. Rome sent an army to occupy the city of Messina on Eastern Sicily, which angered Carthaginians.
  2. Carthaginians took advantage of the local enmity between Messina and Syracuse.
  3. The Carthaginians had their upper hand in the sea until Romans began to built their own navy.
  4. After Rome took over Sicily, they decided to take the island of Corsica and Sardinia, which further angered Carthaginians.
  5. Rome finally defeated Carthage in 241 BCE, and forced Carthaginians to give all Sicilian Islands and made them pay large amount of reparations.
  6. Sicily became the first oversea province of Rome, after the war.
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25
Q

Second Punic War (218-201 BCE)

A
  1. Carthaginians expanded to Spain, which pissed off Rome.
  2. Hannibal took the fight to Rome’s home, by attacking them through land and crushing Roman Legions on their way, but eventually had to retreat due to geographical complications.
  3. Scipio Africanus, A Roman General in Spain, defeated Hannibal and his army in the city of Carthage.
  4. Carthage eventually had to gave up all their territories and had to pay three times the reparation they paid in the first war.
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26
Q

third Punic War (149-146 BCE)

A
  1. Scipio’s grandson sealed the doom of Carthage, so much that the Romans “salted the earth around” so that nothing would ever grow there again.
  2. The phrase of “Carthago delenda set” - Carthage must be destroyed - was popularized by Cato.
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27
Q

Hannibal (247-182 BCE)

A
  1. Kicked a lot of ass against the Romans by attacking and crushing their legions by land, using a heavily manned cavalry army.
  2. Led expedition to Italy through Spain, The Pyrenees and Southern Gaul, and he was 30 miles away to Rome.
  3. Was virtually undefeated against the Romans until he lost against Scipio Africanus.
  4. Utilized War elephants and siege engines in the most badass way possible.
  5. Tried to lure cities allied with Rome, but not successful.
  6. Could defeat an entire Roman Army, but not enough to siege a city.
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28
Q

What are significances of Punic Wars?

A
  1. It propelled Rome’s status from a small city to formidable empire, making expansion possible.
  2. Enabled Rome to amass a great amount of wealth for itself.
  3. Greek influences on Roman Culture.
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29
Q

Tiberius Gracchus (168-133 BCE)

A
  1. Redistributed land to the landless
  2. Restricted size of land to be owned by each citizen.
  3. Went right pass the patricians and goes directly to the concilium.
  4. Was eventually murdered by a small group of conservatives who thought he was going for dictatorship.
  5. Was the brother of Gaius Gracchus.
  6. Aimed to establish a government that focuses on the interest of the people.
  7. Related to Scipio by their mother, Cornelia
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30
Q

Gaius Gracchus (159-123 BCE)

A
  1. Empowered equestrian class and checked abuses of the senatorial class.
  2. Stabilized price of Grain in Rome
  3. Suggested full Roman citizenship to Italian Allies.
  4. Was murdered by a group of angry Patricians, just like his brother Tiberius.
  5. Related to Scipio by their mother, Cornelia
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31
Q

Gaius Marius (157-86 BCE)

A
  1. Was elected as a consul in 107 BCE and got reelected six times.
  2. Abolished property and equipment qualification for the army.
  3. Encouraged loyalty towards the emperor/general, rather than the republic, which eventually spurred Civil War.
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32
Q

Late Republic (133-27 BCE)

A
  1. The Reform of the Gracchi occurred, but ended up in miserable failure.
  2. Spartacus, a powerful gladiator, formed a rebellion against Rome, with 75K-100K slaves under his command during its height.
  3. Both the First and the Second Triumvirate were formed.
  4. Pompey was killed in Egypt, Caesar was assassinated, Marc Antony was defeated in Egypt, Cleopatra the Seventh killed herself, and Octavius effectively disbanded the Republic and turned it into an empire.
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33
Q

Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE)

A
  1. Fought in the Social War of 91-88 BCE.
  2. Became a dictator in 82 BCE to restore the deserved order of Roman Republic, but he eventually step down three years later.
  3. Exterminated his opponents ruthlessly, and extended the power of the Senate and helped rewrote Roman Laws.
  4. Command his troop to march on Rome, and take the city by force - which significantly challenged Roman traditional view at that time.
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34
Q

Name members of the First Triumvirate (the military dictatorship of three) in 59 BCE.

A

Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus

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35
Q

Name members of the Second Triumvirate, all vowed to avenge Julius Caesar’s death.

A

Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus

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36
Q

Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE)

A
  1. Was an integral component of the first triumvirate (alongside with Pompey and Crassus).
  2. Had an intense bond with Pompey to the extent that he offered his daughter as Pompey’s wife, but eventually broke down after she died.
  3. Was born around 100 BCE to a noble Roman aristocratic family.
  4. Was elected into priesthood on 63 BCE, and then consulship in 59 BCE.
  5. Fought against Pompey in a costly civil war, and defeated him in Egypt in 48 BCE.
  6. Became involved with the Ptolemaic family, and married Cleopatra the Seventh.
  7. Declared himself dictator for life, and was eventually assassinated by Brutus and Cassius.
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37
Q

Crassus (115 BC - 53 BC)

A
  1. Part of the Original Triumvirate.
  2. Known as the wealthiest man in Rome.
  3. Instrumental at oppresing Spartacus’s slavery rebellion.
  4. A consul alongside with Pompey, as a result of a political alliance.
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38
Q

Pompey (106 BCE - 48 BCE)

A
  1. Was part of the original Triumvirate.
  2. Played a critical rule during the social wars of Italy.
  3. Fought 6 years abroad and was considered a military hero.
  4. Considered restoring patrician rule - which was the proper way to save the Republic.
  5. Shared an close relationship with Caesar, but eventually broke down after Caesar’s daughter died.
  6. Fought against Caesar and his army and was defeated at Egypt in 48 BCE.
  7. Was granted exclusive military power, which allowed him to annihilate pirates of the Mediterranean Sea.



39
Q

List some facts about Roman Slaves.

A
  1. Slavery remained an critical part of Roman Empire’s existence.
  2. Owning a slave became a sign of personal prestige in Rome.
  3. Slavery had been infiltrated into Roman’s everyday life, just like the American South before Civil War.
  4. Slavery presented the threat of mass rebellion, which can effectively destabilize an entire society.
    List some facts about Roman Slaves.
    
40
Q

Spartacus

A
  1. Was a Thracian slave trained as a gladiator due to his powerful physical strength.
  2. Led an escape of 74 enslaved gladiators, and the group eventually grew to 75K to 100K gladiators/slaves.
  3. Became a general of the rebellion and achieved great success.
  4. Split up his army to two: one back to Thrace, one goes to Gaul/France.
  5. Decided to turn back and fight against the Romans, and his army was eventually defeated largely by the effort of Crassus, even though Pompey delivered the last blow.
41
Q

What happened after the failure of the Revolt of Spartacus?



A

Over 6,000 surviving followers of Spartacus were crucified, and their bodies were displayed along the 150 mile Appian Way from Rome to Capua.

42
Q

Octavian

A
  1. Was part of the Second Triumvirate.
  2. Was adopted by Julius Caesar as his grand nephew, but was designated as heir in his will.
  3. Fought furiously against Marc Antony in the naval battle of Actium in 31 BCE and achieved victory, while ending Egypt’s independence under the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
  4. Began the era of Roman Empire in 27 BCE.
  5. Took the name Augustus (worthy of honor) later in his year, and he was in power when Jesus Christ was born.
  6. Was given the title of imperator (emperor) by the Senate in 27 BCE, and ruled as princeps (First Citizen) for four decades.
  7. Successfully established Pax Romana, or Roman Peace.
  8. He eventually deified his adopted uncle, Caesar, and eventually, himself.
43
Q

Marc Antony

A
  1. Was a peer to Julius Caesar and fought alongside with him in Spain.
  2. Formed an alliance with Cleopatra VII in 41 BCE and later married her.
  3. Refused to return to Rome even under the summoning of the Senate, and was eventually treated as an ultimate traitor to Rome and its fundamental values.
  4. Supported Cleopatra VII and acknowledged Caesarion as the heir of Rome.
  5. Was defeated by Octavian in the Battle of Actium.
  6. Committed suicide alongside with Cleopatra VII when he realized that his defeat was unavoidable.
44
Q

Battle of Actium (31 BCE)

A
  1. Fought between Octavian and Marc Antony in 31 BCE, on the west coast of Greece.
  2. Concluded with Octavian’s victory and Marc Antony/Cleopatra’s suicide, as Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire.
45
Q

Name two distinct features within Roman Verism Art.



A
  1. Roman Arts emphasize more on truth (“Veritas”) within an art piece.
  2. It usually emphasize more reality of an art object by paying attention to details, such as wrinkles and scars of somebody else.
46
Q

Name the chronological Order of rulers from Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC - 69 AD).


A

Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero.

47
Q

List some social reforms conducted under the ruler ship of Augustus, which happened during the Pax Romana Period.

A

. The conduction of Census (to systematically calculate the population).

  1. Laws were passed to limit the amount of time people could be single (which is no more than 2 years).
  2. Roman families must have at least three children, otherwise they will be fined.
  3. Ancient Temples were rebuilt and foreign deity worships were prohibited, to reinstate Roman Religion.
  4. The Roman Military was effectively reorganized.
  5. The fire brigade and the police force were created.
  6. Extended right of citizenship.
  7. Abolished corrupt system of taxation by regulating tax collectors, who now must work under the supervision of government.
  8. Cities and provinces had more freedom for self-regulation and government.
48
Q

the Aeneid

A

. Was the first Roman (Latin) Epic ever written.

  1. Tells the adventurous story of Aeneas the Trojan in 12 books. but was never completed.
  2. Was inspired by Homeric epics, but it was completely written, instead of oral tradition.
49
Q

What are significances over Virgil’s the Aeneid?



A
  1. It connects Rome with Greece’s heroic past.
  2. It shows that Rome looked to Greece as a cultural pinnacle and want to combine them with Roman values and achievements, especially those of Augustus.
  3. It celebrated the origin and growth of the Roman Empire.
  4. It explored the conflict between personal fulfillment and stoicism (knowledge and indifference to pain)
50
Q

Tiberius (14-37 AD)

A
  1. Part of the Julio-Claudian Rulers.
  2. Competent and tried to involve senate in Government.
  3. Was in power when Jesus Christ was Crucified.
51
Q

Caligula (37-41 AD)

A
  1. Was the Grand nephew of Tiberius
  2. Was a tyrant and an unpredictable ruler.
  3. Murdered his own mother.
  4. Was eventually assassinated by his officers.
52
Q

Claudius (41-54 AD)

A
  1. Was known for physical disability of partial paralysis.
  2. Was often mistreated by his family.
  3. Was an Intelligent, competent and well-educated ruler.



53
Q

Nero (54-69 AD)

A
  1. Was only 16 when he came to power, and initially achieved success as a ruler with advise from Roman philosophers.
  2. Pursued singing, acting, horse racing, and even sexual activities.
  3. Upset a lot of people by took a bunch of land to build his Golden House - his pleasure palace. Part of the land eventually became the location of Colosseum.
  4. Eventually committed suicide, under the atmosphere of the abandonment of guards and challenges from other leaders.
  5. Part of his pleasure lake became part of the Colosseum.
54
Q

Name the chronological order of rulers in Flavian Period (69-96 AD).


A

Vespasian, Titus, Domitian

55
Q

Name the chronological order of rulers from the Good Emperors Period.


A

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius

56
Q

Name three important themes from Vergil’s the Aeneid.



A
  1. It pays homage, or relate to Homer/Greek epic.
  2. It reflects both Roman hero and relationship to stoic philosophy (familial and civil duty).
  3. It reflects on Roman history, and Augustan rulership.
57
Q

What are Augustus’s Ideologies?



A

Dynasty, Fecundity (Fertility), Family, Marriage

58
Q

Vespasian

A

Name the Roman figure who helped to build the Colosseum and become an emperor for his military accomplishments (he was born a plebeian).

59
Q

The Five good Emperor Period (96-180 CE)

A
  1. Helped Rome to achieve its zenith, in terms of territorial and cultural dominance.
  2. Enabled a new form of power succession, that whoever is capable and competent, regardless of ethnicity/royal prestige, shall be the ruler of the Roman Empire.
  3. Ended when Marcus Aurelius decided to let his son, Commodus, to succeed him as the emperor.
60
Q

Nerva (r. 96-98 CE)

A
  1. Named Trajan, another military personnel as his Caesar (the successor), while naming himself as Augustus (the ruler).
  2. Consulted with the senate regularly to ensure the approval of certain legislations.
  3. Broadened Senatorial power by including senate members not just from the Italian Peninsula, but Roman Empire as a whole - especially people from Asia Minor (Greek speaking) who knew the Athenian Democracy very well.
  4. Emphasized skill and competency, instead of ethnical citizenships and royal prestiges.
61
Q

Trajan (r. 98-117 CE)

A
  1. Inherited the rulership of Rome from Nerva, his predecessor and mentor.
  2. Helped Roman Empire to reach its territorial zenith, and no more expansion afterwards.
  3. was the first non-Roman emperor (he was actually Spanish).
  4. Helped to built public projects such as Imperial Baths, forums, etc. as a goodwill to his citizens.
  5. Constructed the famous column to celebrate his military victory.
  6. Received the title of Optimus Princeps, means Best of Rulers.
  7. Helped Rome to reach a sense of worldly understanding within itself.
  8. Encouraged debate of issues such as inclusiveness and responsibility of citizens.
62
Q

Hadrian (r. 117-138 CE)

A
  1. Was an accomplished writer and initiated “classic revival” - the continuation of Hellenization.
  2. Was a great patron of literature and arts, especially architecture.
  3. Helped to built the Pantheon and kept his empire largely in peace under his reign.
  4. Withdrew from occupying Parthian Empire, knowing that Roman Empire will definitely reach its limit.
  5. Built the famous Hadrian’s Wall of Northern England in 332 CE.
  6. Enabled more people to receive citizenship, which helped increase in taxation.
63
Q

The Pantheon of Rome (118-125 CE)

A
  1. It was supported by 16 columns.
  2. It demonstrated the architectural and cultural harmony between Romans, Etruscans and Greeks.
  3. Its circular environment symbolizes harmony among different deities.
  4. It was built under the reign of Hadrian, from 118 CE to 125 CE.
  5. It had two distinct features: Oculus and Coffer.
64
Q

Antoninus Pius (r. 138-161 CE)

A
  1. Helped to create the Golden Age of Rome - an age of complete complacency on wealthy people’s behalf, but significant dissatisfaction on ordinary citizens’ behalf.
  2. Witnessed the increasing intrusion of Barbarians from the edge of Roman border.
65
Q

Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180 CE)

A
  1. Was the last of the five good emperors of Rome.
  2. Was a “philosophical king”, affiliated himself with Platonic School of thought, and wrote the book Meditations.
  3. Was forced to spent the majority of his kingship fighting against Barbarians near Roman borders.
  4. Had to raise a ton of taxes just to finance campaigns to defend Roman borders.
  5. Erroneously allowed Commodus, his son, to inherit the empire.
66
Q

Septimius Severus (r. 193-211 CE)

A
  1. Triumphed over the costly civil war, which happened after the death of Commodus, and founded the Severan dynasty.
  2. Initiated the Severan Dynasty and military monarchy in Rome.
  3. Was half-Patrician and half-Phoenician, but identified strongly with his Punic ancestry, which came from his father.
  4. Gave his soldiers pay rise and Encouraged them to marry while in service, which helped them to settle and rooted in specific places.
  5. Was the precursor of the decline of the Roman-Centric Notion by suggesting that Rome is not the center of the world.
  6. Was a professional soldier before he took power.
67
Q

Caracalla (r. 198-217 CE)

A
  1. Belonged to the Severan Dynasty.
  2. Reigned jointly with his father, Septimius, until his father’s death in 211 CE.
  3. Extended citizenship to virtually everyone, and increased the taxes.
  4. Experienced sensation of separation between Latin-speaking West and Greek-speaking East.
  5. Was eventually assassinated in 217 CE.
68
Q

Constantine the Great (r. 312-337)

A
  1. Fought against Maxentius in the battle at Melvin Bridge (312 CE), and defeated him, by recognizing the power of “Chi Rho” - the first two letter of the word “Christ” in Greek.
  2. Ended Rome’s lengthy prosecution of Christianity while guaranteed religious freedom through the Edict of Milan in 313 CE.
  3. Was also known for creating the “bridge” between classical and medieval.
  4. Conquered Byzantium of Asian Minor (Modern Turkey) in 324 CE, which helped him to unify the empire and to create a new capital, Constantinople, from scratch.
  5. Made Christianity an official religion of the Roman Empire, and commissions/patronizes Christian Churches, through the Council of Nicea in 325 CE.
  6. Eventually died in 337 CE, the same year he was baptized as a Christian.
69
Q

How did the Roman Empire affected the Western Law and government System?


A
  1. It was the basis of Legal traditions of the west.
  2. It introduced the jury system, which was effectively inherited by many western countries.
  3. It influenced the Roman Catholic church’s cannon Law.
  4. It introduced the notion of “Res publica”, or Republic/Commonwealth.
70
Q

The Principate (27 BCE - 180 CE)

A

. Rome achieved staggering military success, which allowed them to assimilate residents of conquered territories.

  1. Rights of citizenship were extended.
  2. Roman Cultural form, such as amphitheatre, paved roads and baths, were spread.
71
Q

Aqueducts

A
  1. It was built by Romans to bring waters from distant courses (lakes, rivers, etc) to populous cities and towns, for public baths, fountains, latrines, public households.
  2. It provided water for mining operations, gardens, millings and farms.
  3. Water was removed by complex sewage systems, and released into nearby bodies of water, which keep the towns clean and free from water wastes.
  4. It moves the water through gravity alone.
72
Q

The importance of the geography of the Italian peninsula

A 
Tiber river
7 hills = 7 towns
mediterranean sea
tyrrhenian sea 
narrow
73
Q

Carthage was founded by?

A

Phoenicians from Tyre

74
Q

What were the characteristics of Rome?

A
  1. A college of priests who interpreted the laws of the gods.
  2. a college of augurs who interpreted the signs of the gods
  3. the father was the head of the household
  4. public festivals ordained by the state.
75
Q

The gracchus brothers were?

A

Both killed by powerful people that opposed their reforms

76
Q

the career of Lucius Sulla?

A

Demonstrated how the army could be used to seize power

77
Q

the phrase “Crossing the Rubicon” comes from Julius Caesar’s decision to?

A

Return from Gaul to lay claim to Roman power

78
Q

Octavian?

A

Defeated Antony’s forces in the battle of Actium

79
Q

Lucretia represented?

A

Ideal Roman woman

80
Q

The struggle of orders?

A

Saw the Plebs increasing their power at the expense of the patricians

81
Q

Plebiscita

A

Laws passed by and for the lower class

82
Q

After conquering the Italian peninsula, the Romans?

A

Allowed some people to have full citizenship.

83
Q

12 tables of law

A

legal procedures for the plebs

84
Q

What were the 3 stages that Rome was built on?

A

The conquest of Italy, The conflict with carthage and the expanse into the mediterranean, and the involvement with the hellenistic kingdoms in the eastern mediterranean

85
Q

Latifundia

A

Farm slaves worked in groups and lived in bad conditions

86
Q

laws of nations

A

the law that applies to both Romans and non Romans

87
Q

Natural law

A

the universal law…common sense

88
Q

Reasons why Christianity grew?

A
  1. Message of salvation
  2. Familiarity
  3. Universal- Men and women
  4. Fulfilled the need to belong
89
Q

imperium

A

chief magistrate had all the power, but could get kicked out through tough conditions

90
Q

praetor

A

ran the government when the consuls were away

91
Q

quaestors

A

assisted praetors and consuls in financial affairs

92
Q

aediles

A

supervised the public games and the grain supply

93
Q

centuriate assembly

A

elected, passed laws, rich= majority,

Western civilization (9 decks)

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