Chapter 14 test Flashcards
motives for expanding into the new world
Fantastic lands- Travels of John Mandeville… talked of the gold silver
Economic Motives- new areas of trade (spices)
Religious Zeal- crusading mentality
The polos
Medieval travelers- NIccolo and Maffeo… went to Asia and wrote travelers
Means for expansion
Europe was connected to growing monarchies during the Renaissance
monarchies increased authority/resources
Maps- Portolani… Charts made by medieval navigators, but they did not take into account the curvature of the earth
Ships/Sailing- mastered the axial rudder, couldn’t stade against wind, Increased knowledge of the Atlantic ocean
Prince Henry the Navigator
Explored the coast of Africa
searched for gold
brought back african slaves
New source of gold in west Africa (Gold Coast)
Bartholomeu Dias
sailed around the cape of good hope
Vasco da gama
got to India by rounding the cape of good hope
Afonso de Albuquerque
Set up facilities at Goa (HQ)- commercial/ military base
Reasons for portuguese success
- Guns
2. Seamanship
Christopher Columbus
Reached the Bahamas
Italian who sailed for Spain
4 more voyages to try and connect India to christianity
John cabot
Explored New England coastline
From Italy, sailed for England
Pedro cabral
Discovered South America
From Portugal, and sailed for them
Amerigo Vespucci
Wrote about his voyages of the geography of the world
Nunez De Balboa
Reached the Pacific ocean
crossed the isthmus of panama
Ferdinand Magellan
Circumnavigates the earth
Died in the Philippines
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the New world
Spanish gets the western side of the world
Portugal gets the Eastern side of the world
Conquistadors
Spanish conquerors who were privately funded
mesoamerica
Central America/Mexico
Mayas
In Mesoamerica- Yucatan Peninsula
Sophisticated civilization- temples/ pyramids
Aztecs
In central mexico
capital was Tenochtitlan
great warriors
Hernan Cortes
Leader of the Aztecs (messenger from the gods)
Took montezuma hostage
were overthrown by the spanish- bc of smallpox(no immunity), had guns and cannons, and allied with other cities
The Incas
Pachacuti = leader
created a centralized state
boundaries extended- buildings, roads, and bridges
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish Defeated the Incas- had guns, cannons, and horses
Many Incas died of smallpox
Encomienda
Spanish collected tribute from natives who were used for labor
Bartolome de casas spoke against it
Spanish after the conquest of the Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas
Took advantage of the indians
Mita- allowed authorities to use native labor in the silver mines
Viceroy
Puppet ruler who speaks the laws from the king to the people (a representative)
The Slave trade
Increased trade in slaves for sugar cane Forced on plantations High death rate during transit Depopulation in African kingdoms increased warfare to meet the # of slaves needed
Effects of the Slave trade
Society of friends- group of quakers who criticized slavery
Cheep european goods -> African goods
the West in Southeast Africa
Portugal tried to control trade but couldn’t
Spanish controlled the philippines -became the major trade base
Dutch/English- biggest threat to the portuguese
dutch occupied most of the coast (pushed portugal out)
Local Kingdoms in the Southeast Africa
Bulma
Siam
Vietnam
The French/British in India
Divided into Hindu/muslim kingdoms
The Mughal Empire
Founded by Babur- Descendant of Genghis Khan
Greatest emperor
The Impact of Portugal
At first dominated trade, but then had to fight the Dutch for it
The Impact of England
Established trading posts at surat, Fort William, and, Mudras (French takes over trade, biggest rival)
The Impact of Dutch
Abandoned the spice trade
The Impact of French
Established fort on east coast
Sir Robert Clive
from England Consolidated British Control in Bengal Battle of Plassey- won- Pushed out french East India Co. Collected taxes for England
Ming Dynasty
Farm/ Hunted people
Extended rule in Mongolia/ Central Africa
Traded with Russia `
Quing Dynasty
came from the manchus
Corrected social/economic ills
Kangxi/Qianlong - greatness of China is bc of them
Western inroads
Russia(problem)- wanted skins/furs
England(problem)- replaced portugal as dominate trade
Trading post in Canton- only port for European trade (limited contact) Could stay in canton from oct-march
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Shogun who unified Japan
Opening to the West
Portuese- starting trading with Japan, and Francis Xavier was the first Jesuit missionary, at first accepted bc they brought new gadgets but the missionaries were kicked out
The Americas
Spain/ Portugal established large empires
The West Indies
English/French were first to colonize it
English: Held Barbados, Jaminca, and Bermuda
French: Helid Saint Domingue, Mrtinique, and Guaseloupe
Sugar Factories: High death rate, 200,000 back slaves producing 50,000 tons of sugar each year
1602
Dutch Formed the New Netherlands
1607
English formed Jamestown
1663
Canada was under the French-Jacques Cartier-ST. Lawrence river
Samuel de Champlain- established Quebec
The Impact of European Expansion (Conquered)
Altered the population of Africans
Changed/added European society
Increased war in Africa
Latin America: multicultural society
Brought horses/cattle- helped indians
new crop- wheat, sugar, sweet potatoes, Indian corn
missionaries:
built hospitals, schools, and orphanages
Went to Asia goodin China but got expelled in Japan
The Impact of European Expansion (Conquerors)
More gold and silver- prices increased
Columbian exchange- exchanged plants (America- Potatoes, tobacco, chco) and animals(Europe- horses/cattle)
European culture was spread all over
Gerardus Mercator
Projection- created a map that showed the sphere shape of the earth
Causes of the economic conditions in the 16th century
Influx of metals
population increase- higher demand for land/ food
economic conditions in the 16th century
Inflation
increase price
Lower standard of living
Joint stock company
People bought shares of a company as an investment, while a board ran the company
The bank of Amsterdam
Deposit/ transfer system- heavy in trading stocks
The growth of commercial capitalism
Shipbuilding
mining
metallurgy
All useful in the 16th century
Mercantilism
total volume of trade is unchangeable
protected economics by hoarding metals
goods imported were of lesser value the the ones being exported in order to keep the balance of trade
