Chapter8 Flashcards
1
Q
-blast
A
Germ or bud
2
Q
Chrom/o
A
Color
3
Q
Chromat/o
A
Color
4
Q
Chyl/o
A
Juice
5
Q
Hem/o
A
Blood
6
Q
Hemat/o
A
Blood
7
Q
Immun/o
A
Safe
8
Q
Lymph/o
A
Clear fluid
9
Q
Morph/o
A
Form
10
Q
Myel/o
A
Bone marrow (also spinal cord)
11
Q
Phag/o
A
Eat or swallow
12
Q
Plas/o
A
Formation
13
Q
Reticul/o
A
A net
14
Q
Splen/o
A
Spleen
15
Q
Thromb/o
A
Clot
16
Q
Thym/o
A
Thymus gland
17
Q
Plasma
A
Liquid portion of the blood and lymph containing water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, and cellular components (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)
18
Q
Serum
A
Liquid portion of the blood left after the clotting process
19
Q
Erythrocytes
A
RBC that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within the bloodstream
20
Q
Hemoglobin
A
Protein-iron compound contained in the Erythrocyte that has bonding capabilities for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
21
Q
Leukocyte
A
White blood cell that protects the body from invasion of harmful substances
22
Q
Granulocytes
A
A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm
23
Q
Neutrophil
A
A granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria
24
Q
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte (PMN)
A
Another term for neutrophil, named for the many segments present in its nucleus
25
Band
An immature neutrophil
26
Eosinophil
A granular leukocyte, named for the rose-color stain of its granules, that increases with allergy and some infections
27
Basophils
A granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
28
Agranulocytes
A group of leukocytes without granules in their nucleus
29
Lymphocyte
```
An agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity-there are four categories of lymphocytes:
T cells (thymus dependent)
B cells (bone marrow derived)
NK cells (natural killer)
K-type cells
```
30
Monocytes
An agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
31
Platelets
Thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting (coagulation)
32
Thymus
The primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum; helps maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
33
Spleen
The organ b/ the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides the environment for the initiation of immune responses by lymphocytes
34
Lymph
Fluid originating in the organs and tissues of the body
35
Limf
That is circulated through the lymph vessels
36
Lymph capillaries
Microscopic vessels that draw lymph from the tissues to the lymph vessels
37
Lymph vessels
Vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
38
Lacteals
Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream
39
Chyle
A white or pale yellow substance of the lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
40
Lymph nodes
Many small oval structures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessels-major locations include the cervical region, axillary region, and inguinal region
41
Lymph ducts
Collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
42
Right lymphatic duct
Receives lymph from the upper-right part of the body
43
Thoracic Duct
Receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen,left arm, and lower extremities
44
Antigen
A substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it
45
Antibody
A substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
46
Immunoglobulins (Ig)
Protein antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes that protect the body from invasion of foreign pathogens; the 5 major classes include IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
47
Immunity
Process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
48
Active immunity
An immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally after contracting an infection or artificially after administration of a vaccine
49
Passive immunity
An immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies
50
Microcytosis
The presence of small RBCs
51
Macrocytosis
The presence of large RBCs
52
Anisocytosis
The presence of RBC of unequal size
53
Poikilocytosis
The presence of large, irregularly shaped RBCs
54
Reticulocytosis
An increase of immature erythrocytes in the blood
55
Erythropenia
An abnormally reduced number of RBC
56
Lymphocytopenia
An abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
57
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of neutrophils
58
Pancytopenia
An abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
59
Hemolysis
Breakdown of the RBC membrane
60
Immunocompromised
Impaired immunological defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy w/ immunosuppressive agents
61
Immunosuppression
Impaired ability to provide an immune response
62
Lymphadenopathy
The presence of enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
63
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
64
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases to develop; it is transmitted sexually or through exposure to contaminated blood
65
Anemia
A condition in which there is a reduction in the number of RBCs,the amount of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed RBCs in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of the RBC to transport oxygen to the tissues
66
Aplastic Anemia
A normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce RBC
67
Iron deficiency anemia
A microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affection production of hemoglobin and characterized by small RBC containing low amounts of hemoglobin
68
Pernicious Anemia
A macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing RBC to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number
69
Autoimmune disease
Any disorder characterized by abnormal functions of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples
70
Erythroblastosis fetalis
A disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus w/ an Rh-positive blood factor and a mother who is Rh-negative, causing RBC destruction in the fetus; necessitates a blood transfusion to save the fetus
71
Rh factor
The presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of RBCs that may cause a rxn b/ the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal Anemia
72
Rh positive
The presence of antigens
73
Rh negative
The absence of antigens
74
Hemochromatosis
A hereditary disorder that results in an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body
75
Hemophilia
A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which there is a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
76
Leukemia
A chronic or acute malignant(cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone-marrow; classified according to the types of white cells affected
77
Myelodysplasia
A disorder within the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to the different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
78
Lymphoma
Any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease
79
Metastasis
The process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs
80
Mononucleosis
A condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, and sore throat
81
Polycythemia
An increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
82
Septicemia
A systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the circulating blood
83
Thrombocytopenia
A bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, which impairs the clotting process
84
Blood chemistry
A test of fluid portion of blood to measure the presence of a chemical constituent
85
Blood chemistry panels
Specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions
86
Basic metabolic panel
Battery of tests used as a general screen for disease; calcium, carbon dioxide (CO2), chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)
87
Comprehensive metabolic panels
Tests in addition to basic metabolic panel for expanded screening purposes; albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT, and AST
88
Blood culture
A test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified
89
CD4 cell count
A measure of the number of CD4 cells (subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood: monitors course of HIV and timing the tx of AIDS
90
Complete blood count (CBC)
The most common blood test.
91
white blood count (WBC)
A count of the number of WBC per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated lab methods
92
Red blood count (RBC)
Count of the number of RBC per cubic millimeter
93
Hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb)
A test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (in grams)
94
Hematocrit (HCT or Hct)
A measurement of the percentage of packed RBCs in a given volume of blood
95
Blood indices
Calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of RBCs for classification of anemia
96
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
A calculation of the volume of indv cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC results: MCV=HCT/RBC
97
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC)
A calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each RBC using HGB and HCT results; MCHC=HGB/HCT
98
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
A calculation of the content in weight of hemoglobin in the average RBC using HGB and RBC results; MCH=HGB/RBC
99
Differential count
A determination of the number of each type of white blood cell seen on a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examine
100
Red cell morphology
As part of identifying and counting the WBCs, the condition of the size and shape of the RBCs in the background of the smeared slide is noted
101
Platelet count
A calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood: normal range150,000-450,000/cubic millimeters
102
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
A timed test to measure the rate at which RBCs settle or fall through a given volume of plasma
103
Partial thromboplastin Time (PTT)
A test to determine coagulation defects such as platelet disorders
104
Thromboplastin
A substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
105
Prothrombin Time (PT)
A test to measure the activity of prothrombin in the blood
106
Prothrombin
A protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
107
Venipuncture/Phlebotomy
An incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
108
Bone Marrow aspiration
A needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examination
109
Bone Marrow Biopsy
A pathological exam of bone marrow tissue
110
Lymphangiogram
An x-Ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium
111
Computed Tomography (CT)
Full-body x-Ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma
112
Positron emission (PET)
Radionuclide scans, especially of the whole body, are useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma
113
Bone marrow transplant
The transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
114
Lymphadenectomy
The removal of a lymph node
115
Lympadenotomy
An incision into a lymph node
116
Lymph node dissection
The removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathological examination
117
Splenectomy
The removal of the spleen
118
Blood transfusion
The intro of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
119
Autologous blood
Blood donated by, and stored for, a pt for future personal use
120
Homologous blood
Blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient
121
Blood component therapy
The transfusion of specific blood components such as packed RBCs, platelets, and plasma
122
Crossmatching
Method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
123
Chemotherapy
The tx of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
124
Immunotherapy
Use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanisms; as seen in the tx of AIDS, cancer, and allergy
125
Plasmapheresis
Removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (such as platelets) followed by reinfusion
126
Anticoagulant
A drug that prevents clotting of the blood
127
Hemostatic
A drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels
128
Vasoconstrictor
A drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, decreasing blood flow
129
Vasodilator
A drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow
130
Blast/o
Germ or bud
