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Medical Terminology > Chapter8 > Flashcards

Chapter8 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

-blast

A

Germ or bud

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2
Q

Chrom/o

A

Color

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3
Q

Chromat/o

A

Color

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4
Q

Chyl/o

A

Juice

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5
Q

Hem/o

A

Blood

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6
Q

Hemat/o

A

Blood

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7
Q

Immun/o

A

Safe

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8
Q

Lymph/o

A

Clear fluid

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9
Q

Morph/o

A

Form

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10
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow (also spinal cord)

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11
Q

Phag/o

A

Eat or swallow

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12
Q

Plas/o

A

Formation

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13
Q

Reticul/o

A

A net

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14
Q

Splen/o

A

Spleen

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15
Q

Thromb/o

A

Clot

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16
Q

Thym/o

A

Thymus gland

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17
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood and lymph containing water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, and cellular components (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)

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18
Q

Serum

A

Liquid portion of the blood left after the clotting process

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19
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBC that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within the bloodstream

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20
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein-iron compound contained in the Erythrocyte that has bonding capabilities for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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21
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell that protects the body from invasion of harmful substances

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22
Q

Granulocytes

A

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm

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23
Q

Neutrophil

A

A granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria

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24
Q

Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte (PMN)

A

Another term for neutrophil, named for the many segments present in its nucleus

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25
Q

Band

A

An immature neutrophil

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26
Q

Eosinophil

A

A granular leukocyte, named for the rose-color stain of its granules, that increases with allergy and some infections

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27
Q

Basophils

A

A granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues

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28
Q

Agranulocytes

A

A group of leukocytes without granules in their nucleus

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29
Q

Lymphocyte

A 
An agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity-there are four categories of lymphocytes: 
T cells (thymus dependent)
B cells (bone marrow derived)
NK cells (natural killer)
K-type cells
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30
Q

Monocytes

A

An agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection

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31
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting (coagulation)

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32
Q

Thymus

A

The primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum; helps maintain the body’s immune response by producing T lymphocytes

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33
Q

Spleen

A

The organ b/ the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides the environment for the initiation of immune responses by lymphocytes

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34
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid originating in the organs and tissues of the body

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35
Q

Limf

A

That is circulated through the lymph vessels

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36
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that draw lymph from the tissues to the lymph vessels

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37
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes

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38
Q

Lacteals

A

Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream

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39
Q

Chyle

A

A white or pale yellow substance of the lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals

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40
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Many small oval structures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessels-major locations include the cervical region, axillary region, and inguinal region

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41
Q

Lymph ducts

A

Collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins

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42
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Receives lymph from the upper-right part of the body

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43
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

Receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen,left arm, and lower extremities

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44
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it

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45
Q

Antibody

A

A substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

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46
Q

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

Protein antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes that protect the body from invasion of foreign pathogens; the 5 major classes include IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

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47
Q

Immunity

A

Process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen

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48
Q

Active immunity

A

An immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally after contracting an infection or artificially after administration of a vaccine

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49
Q

Passive immunity

A

An immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies

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50
Q

Microcytosis

A

The presence of small RBCs

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51
Q

Macrocytosis

A

The presence of large RBCs

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52
Q

Anisocytosis

A

The presence of RBC of unequal size

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53
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

The presence of large, irregularly shaped RBCs

54
Q

Reticulocytosis

A

An increase of immature erythrocytes in the blood

55
Q

Erythropenia

A

An abnormally reduced number of RBC

56
Q

Lymphocytopenia

A

An abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes

57
Q

Neutropenia

A

A decrease in the number of neutrophils

58
Q

Pancytopenia

A

An abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood

59
Q

Hemolysis

A

Breakdown of the RBC membrane

60
Q

Immunocompromised

A

Impaired immunological defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy w/ immunosuppressive agents

61
Q

Immunosuppression

A

Impaired ability to provide an immune response

62
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

The presence of enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes

63
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlargement of the spleen

64
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

A syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases to develop; it is transmitted sexually or through exposure to contaminated blood

65
Q

Anemia

A

A condition in which there is a reduction in the number of RBCs,the amount of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed RBCs in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of the RBC to transport oxygen to the tissues

66
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

A normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce RBC

67
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

A microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affection production of hemoglobin and characterized by small RBC containing low amounts of hemoglobin

68
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

A macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing RBC to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number

69
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Any disorder characterized by abnormal functions of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples

70
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

A disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus w/ an Rh-positive blood factor and a mother who is Rh-negative, causing RBC destruction in the fetus; necessitates a blood transfusion to save the fetus

71
Q

Rh factor

A

The presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of RBCs that may cause a rxn b/ the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal Anemia

72
Q

Rh positive

A

The presence of antigens

73
Q

Rh negative

A

The absence of antigens

74
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

A hereditary disorder that results in an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body

75
Q

Hemophilia

A

A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which there is a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood

76
Q

Leukemia

A

A chronic or acute malignant(cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone-marrow; classified according to the types of white cells affected

77
Q

Myelodysplasia

A

A disorder within the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to the different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia

78
Q

Lymphoma

A

Any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease

79
Q

Metastasis

A

The process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs

80
Q

Mononucleosis

A

A condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, and sore throat

81
Q

Polycythemia

A

An increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood

82
Q

Septicemia

A

A systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the circulating blood

83
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

A bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, which impairs the clotting process

84
Q

Blood chemistry

A

A test of fluid portion of blood to measure the presence of a chemical constituent

85
Q

Blood chemistry panels

A

Specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions

86
Q

Basic metabolic panel

A

Battery of tests used as a general screen for disease; calcium, carbon dioxide (CO2), chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)

87
Q

Comprehensive metabolic panels

A

Tests in addition to basic metabolic panel for expanded screening purposes; albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT, and AST

88
Q

Blood culture

A

A test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified

89
Q

CD4 cell count

A

A measure of the number of CD4 cells (subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood: monitors course of HIV and timing the tx of AIDS

90
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

A

The most common blood test.

91
Q

white blood count (WBC)

A

A count of the number of WBC per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated lab methods

92
Q

Red blood count (RBC)

A

Count of the number of RBC per cubic millimeter

93
Q

Hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb)

A

A test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (in grams)

94
Q

Hematocrit (HCT or Hct)

A

A measurement of the percentage of packed RBCs in a given volume of blood

95
Q

Blood indices

A

Calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of RBCs for classification of anemia

96
Q

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

A calculation of the volume of indv cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC results: MCV=HCT/RBC

97
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC)

A

A calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each RBC using HGB and HCT results; MCHC=HGB/HCT

98
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

A

A calculation of the content in weight of hemoglobin in the average RBC using HGB and RBC results; MCH=HGB/RBC

99
Q

Differential count

A

A determination of the number of each type of white blood cell seen on a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examine

100
Q

Red cell morphology

A

As part of identifying and counting the WBCs, the condition of the size and shape of the RBCs in the background of the smeared slide is noted

101
Q

Platelet count

A

A calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood: normal range150,000-450,000/cubic millimeters

102
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

A

A timed test to measure the rate at which RBCs settle or fall through a given volume of plasma

103
Q

Partial thromboplastin Time (PTT)

A

A test to determine coagulation defects such as platelet disorders

104
Q

Thromboplastin

A

A substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation

105
Q

Prothrombin Time (PT)

A

A test to measure the activity of prothrombin in the blood

106
Q

Prothrombin

A

A protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process

107
Q

Venipuncture/Phlebotomy

A

An incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing

108
Q

Bone Marrow aspiration

A

A needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examination

109
Q

Bone Marrow Biopsy

A

A pathological exam of bone marrow tissue

110
Q

Lymphangiogram

A

An x-Ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium

111
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

Full-body x-Ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma

112
Q

Positron emission (PET)

A

Radionuclide scans, especially of the whole body, are useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma

113
Q

Bone marrow transplant

A

The transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production

114
Q

Lymphadenectomy

A

The removal of a lymph node

115
Q

Lympadenotomy

A

An incision into a lymph node

116
Q

Lymph node dissection

A

The removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathological examination

117
Q

Splenectomy

A

The removal of the spleen

118
Q

Blood transfusion

A

The intro of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner

119
Q

Autologous blood

A

Blood donated by, and stored for, a pt for future personal use

120
Q

Homologous blood

A

Blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient

121
Q

Blood component therapy

A

The transfusion of specific blood components such as packed RBCs, platelets, and plasma

122
Q

Crossmatching

A

Method of matching a donor’s blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility

123
Q

Chemotherapy

A

The tx of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce

124
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body’s own defense mechanisms; as seen in the tx of AIDS, cancer, and allergy

125
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

Removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (such as platelets) followed by reinfusion

126
Q

Anticoagulant

A

A drug that prevents clotting of the blood

127
Q

Hemostatic

A

A drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels

128
Q

Vasoconstrictor

A

A drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, decreasing blood flow

129
Q

Vasodilator

A

A drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow

130
Q

Blast/o

A

Germ or bud

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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