Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
Arthr/o
A
Joint (articulation)
2
Q
Articul/o
A
Joint (articulation)
3
Q
Brachi/o
A
Arm
4
Q
Cervic/o
A
Neck
5
Q
Chondr/o
A
Cartilage (gristle)
6
Q
Cost/o
A
Rib
7
Q
Crani/o
A
Skull
8
Q
Dactyl/o
A
Digit (finger or toe)
9
Q
Fasci/o
A
Fascia (a band)
10
Q
Femor/o
A
Femur
11
Q
Fibr/o
A
Fiber
12
Q
Kyph/o
A
Humpback
13
Q
Lei/o
A
Smooth
14
Q
Lord/o
A
Bent
15
Q
Lumb/o
A
Loin (lower back)
16
Q
Myel/o
A
Bone marrow or spinal cord
17
Q
My/o
A
Muscle
18
Q
Myos/o
A
Muscle
19
Q
Muscul/o
A
Muscle
20
Q
Oste/o
A
Bone
21
Q
Patell/o
A
Knee cap
22
Q
Pelv/i
A
Hip bone or pelvic cavity
23
Q
Pelv/o
A
Hip bone or pelvic cavity
24
Q
Radi/o
A
Radius
25
Rhabd/o
Rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
26
Sarc/o
Flesh
27
Scoli/o
Twisted
28
Spondyl/o
Vertebra
29
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
30
Stern/o
Sternum (breastbone)
31
Ten/o
Tendon (to stretch)
32
Tend/o
Tendon (to stretch)
33
Tendin/o
Tendon (to stretch)
34
Thorac/o
Chest
35
Ton/o
Tone or tension
36
Uln/o
Ulna
37
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
38
Axial skeleton
Bones of skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone
39
Bone
Specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes forming the skeleton
40
Compact bone
Tightly solid, strong bone tissue resistant to bending
41
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run
42
Long bones
Bones of arms and legs
43
Short bones
Bones of wrists and ankles
44
Flat bones
Bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
45
Irregular bones
Bones of vertebrae and face
46
Sesamoid bones
Round bones found near joints
47
Epiphysis
Wide ends of a long bone
48
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
49
Metaphysis
Growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis during development of a long bone
50
Endosteum
Membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
51
Medullary cavity
Cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
52
Bone marrow
Soft connective tissue within the medullary cavities of bones
53
Red bone marrow
Found in cavities of most bones in infants; functions in formation of red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; in adults, red bone marrow is found most often in the flat bones
54
Yellow bone marrow
Gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones, functions as storage for fat tissue, and is inactive in formation of blood cells
55
Periosteum
A fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
56
Articular cartilage
A gristle-like substance found on bones where they articulate
57
Articulation
A joint; the point where two bones come together
58
Bursa
A fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
59
Disk
A flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction
60
Nucleus pulposus
The soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk
61
Ligament
A flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
62
Synovial membrane
Membrane lining the capsule of a joint
63
Synovial fluid
Lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
64
Muscle
Tissue composed of fibers that can contract causing movement of an organ or part of the body
65
Striated skeletal muscle
Voluntary striated muscle attached to the skeleton
66
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found in internal organs
67
Cardiac muscle
Muscle of the heart
68
Origin of a muscle
Muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
69
Insertion of a muscle
Muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
70
Tendon
A band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
71
Fascia
A band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
72
Coronal (frontal) plane
Vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
73
Sagittal plane
Vertical division of the body into right and left
74
Transverse plane
Horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
75
Anterior (A) (ventral)
Front of the body
76
Posterior (P) (dorsal)
Back of the body
77
Anterior-posterior (AP)
From front to back; commonly associated with the direction of an x-Ray beam
78
Posterior-anterior (PA)
From back to front; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam
79
Superior
Situated above another structure, toward the head
80
Inferior
Situated below another structure, away from the head
81
Proximal
Toward the beginning or origin of a structure, the proximal aspect of the femur(thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip
82
Distal
Away from the beginning or origin of a structure (the distal aspect of the femur is the area at the end of the bone near the knee)
83
Medial
Toward the middle
84
Lateral
Toward the side
85
Axis
Line that runs through the center of the body or body part
86
Erect
Normal standing position
87
Decubitus
Lying down, especially in bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side
88
Prone
Lying face down and flat
89
Recumbent
Lying down
90
Supine
Horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back "on the spine"
91
Flexion
Bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
92
Extension
Straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
93
Abduction
Movement away from the body
94
Adduction
Movement towards the body
95
Rotation
Circular movement around an axis
96
Eversion
Turning outward
97
Inversion
Turning inward
98
Supination
Turning upward or forward of the palmar surface (palm of hand) or plantar surface ( sole of the foot)
99
Pronation
Turning downward or backward of the palmar surface or plantar surface
100
Dorsiflexion
Bending of the foot or the toes upward
101
Plantar flex ion
Bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
102
Range of motion (ROM)
Total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements
103
Goniometer
Instrument used to measure joint angles
104
Arthralgia
Joint pain
105
Atrophy
Shrinking of tissue such as muscle
106
Crepitation
Grating sound made by movement of some joints or broken bones
107
Crepitus
Grating sound made by movement of some joints or broken bones
108
Exostosis
A projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
109
Flaccid
Flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
110
Hypertrophy
Increase in size of tissue such as muscle
111
Hypotonia
Reduced muscle tone or tension
112
Myalgia
Muscle pain
113
Myodynia
Muscle pain
114
Ostealgia
Bone pain
115
Osteodynia
Bone pain
116
Rigor or rigidity
Stiffness; stiff muscle
117
Spasm
Drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
118
Spastic
Uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
119
Tetany
Tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contractions
120
Tremor
Shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
121
Ankylosis
Stiff joint condition
122
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion- there are more than 100 different types of arthritis
123
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Degenerative arthritis
Degenerative joint disease (DJD)
Most common form of arthritis that especially affects weight-bearing joints; characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
124
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Most crippling form of arthritis characterized by a chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes causing ankylosis and deformity
125
Gouty arthritis
Acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint caused by hyperuricemia
126
Bony necrosis
Sequestrum
Dead bone tissue from loss of blood supply such as can occur after a fracture
127
Bunion
Swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
128
Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa
129
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Condition that results from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist, characterized by pain, numbness, and tingling in the wrist and fingers and weak grip; commonly seen as a result of cumulative trauma of surrounding tendons
130
Chondromalacia
Softening of cartilage
131
Epiphysitis
Inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone
132
Fracture (Fx)
A broken or cracked bone
133
Closed fracture
A broken bone with no open wound
134
Open fracture
A compound fracture; a broken bone with an open wound
135
Simple fracture
A nondisplaced fracture involving one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair
136
Complex fracture
A displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
137
Fracture line
Line made by broken bone
138
Comminuted fracture
Broken in many little pieces
139
Green stick fracture
Bending and incomplete break of bone- most often seen in children
140
Herniated disk or disc
Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
141
Myeloma
Bone marrow tumor
142
Myositis
Inflammation of muscle
143
Myoma
Muscle tumor
144
Leiomyoma
Smooth muscle tumor
145
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant smooth muscle tumor
146
Rhabdomyoma
Skeletal muscle tumor
147
Rhabdmyosarcoma
Malignant skeletal muscle tumor
148
Muscular dystrophy
A category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles
149
Osteoma
Bone tumor
150
Osteosarcoma
Type of malignant bone tumor
151
Osteomalacia
Disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
152
Rickets
Osteomalacia in children (causes bone deformity)
153
Osteomyelitis
Infection of bone and bone marrow causing inflammation
154
Osteoporosis
Condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and liable to fracture
155
Spinal curvatures
| Kyphosis
Abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine
156
Lordosis
Abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
157
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
158
Spondylolisthesis
Forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
159
Spondylosis
Stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae due to joint degeneration
160
Sprain
Injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
161
Subluxation
A partial dislocation
162
Tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon
163
Electromyogram (EMG)
A neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle at rest and during contraction to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders; usually performed by a neurologist
164
Ankyl/o
Crooked or stiff
165
Magnetic resonance imaging
A nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio frequency waves
To visualize anatomical structures
166
Nuclear medicine
Ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
167
Radionuclide organ imaging
Ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
168
Bone scan
Radionuclide image of bone tissue to detect tumor, malignancy, etc
169
Radiography
X-ray imaging; an ionizing technique commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, joints, etc
170
Arthrogram
An xRay of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
171
Diskogram
An X-ray of an intervertebral disk after injection of a contrast medium
172
Dual-energy xRay absorptiometry
An X-ray scan that measures bone mineral density of the spine and extremities to diagnose osteoporosis, determine fracture risk, and monitor treatment; classifications of bone mass include normal, osteopenic, or osteoporotic as indicated by a T score (amount of bone mass of the pt compared to that of a normal young adult)
173
Computed tomography (CT)
Computed axial tomography (CAT)
A specialized X-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into 2D or 3D image
174
Sonography
Ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to quide a therapeutic intervention such as that performed during arthroscopy
175
Amputation
Partial or complete removal of a limb; AKA, above knee amputation; BKA below knee amputation
176
Arthrocentesis
Puncture for aspiration of a joint
177
Arthrodesis
Binding or fusing of joint surfaces
178
Arthroplasty
Repair or reconstruction of a joint
179
Arthroscopy
Procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
180
Bone grafting
Transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
181
Bursectomy
Excision of a bursa
182
Myoplasty
Repair of a muscle
183
Open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
Internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place, often utilizing plates, screws, pins, etc
184
Osteoplasty
Repair of bone
185
Osteotomy
An incision into bone
186
Spondylosyndesis
Spinal fusion
187
Tenotomy
Division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
188
Closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
External manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
189
Casting
Use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
190
Splinting
Use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted easier to accommodate for swelling from an injury
191
Traction(Tx)
Application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
192
Closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
External manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position- often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
193
Orthosis
Use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bones position or provide limb support
194
Physical therapy
Treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury, involving many different modalities (methods), such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
195
Prosthesis
An artificial replacement for a diseased or missing body part such as a hip, joint, or limb
196
Analgesic
Drug that relieves pain
197
Narcotic
A potent analgesic that has addictive properties
198
Anti-inflammatory
A drug that reduces inflammation
199
Antipyretic
A drug that relieves fever
200
Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID)
A group of drugs with analgesic, anti inflammatory, and antipyretic properties commonly used to treat arthritis
