Chapter 15 Flashcards
1
Q
Bacteri/o
A
Bacteria
2
Q
Cyst/o
Vesic/o
A
Bladder or sac
3
Q
Dips/o
A
Thirst
4
Q
Glomerul/o
A
Glomerulus (little ball)
5
Q
Ket/o
A
Ketone bodies
6
Q
Lith/o
A
Stone
7
Q
Meat/o
A
Meatus (opening)
8
Q
Nephr/o
Ren/o
A
Kidney
9
Q
Pub/o
A
Pubic bone
10
Q
Pyel/o
A
Renal pelvis (basin)
11
Q
Py/o
A
Pus
12
Q
Ureter/o
A
Ureter
13
Q
Urethr/o
A
Urethra
14
Q
Ur/o
Urin/o
A
Urine
15
Q
Kidneys
A
Two structures on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine
16
Q
Cortex
A
Outer part of the kidney
17
Q
Hilum
A
Indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
18
Q
Medulla
A
Inner part of the kidney
19
Q
Calyces (calices)
A
System of ducts carrying urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
20
Q
Nephron
A
Microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries,each capable of forming urine
21
Q
Glomerulus
A
Little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
22
Q
Bowman’s capsule
A
Top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
23
Q
Renal tubule
A
Stem portion of the nephron
24
Q
Ureter
A
Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
25
Renal pelvis
Basin-like portion of the ureter within the kidney
26
Ureteropelvic junction
Point of connection b/ the renal pelvis and ureter
27
Urinary bladder
Sac that holds the urine
28
Urethra
Single canal that carries the urine to the outside of the body
29
Urethral meatus
Opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
30
Urine
Fluid produced by the kidneys containing water and waste products
31
Urea
Waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
32
Creatinine
Waste product of muscle metabolism filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine
33
Albuminuria
| Proteinuria
Presence of albumin in the urine; occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
34
Anuria
Absence of urine formation
35
Bacteriuria
Presence of bacteria in the urine
36
Dysuria
Painful urination
37
Enuresis
To void urine; involuntary discharge of urine, most often refers to a lack of bladder control
38
Nocturnal enuresis
Bed wetting during sleep
39
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine
40
Glucosuria
Glucose (sugar) in the urine
41
Incontinence
Involuntary discharge of urine or feces
42
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
Involuntary discharge of urine at the time of cough, sneeze, and/or strained exercise
43
Ketonuria
Presence of ketone bodies in the urine
44
Ketone bodies
| Ketone compounds
Acetone, beta-hydroxybutryic acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine as a result of an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates; seen in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation
45
Nocturia
Urination at night
46
Oliguria
Scanty production of urine
47
Polyuria
Condition of excessive urination
48
Pyuria
Presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection
49
Urinary retention
Retention of urine owing to the inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm, obstruction, etc..
50
Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)
Inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure
51
Glomerulonephritis
Form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
52
Hydronephrosis
Dilation and pooling of urine in the renal pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys caused by an obstruction in the outflow of urine
53
Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidney
54
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis
55
Albumin/o
Protein
56
Nephrosis
Degenerative disease of the renal tubules
57
Nephrolithiasis
Presence of renal stone or stones caused by mineral buildup in the kidneys--most commonly as a result of hyperuricuria or hypercalciuria
58
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
59
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
60
Urethrocystitis
Inflammation of the urethra and bladder
61
Urethral stenosis
Narrowed condition of the urethra
62
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the structures of the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; sx include Dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise
63
Uremia
Azotemia
Excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood as a result of kidney failure
64
Cystometrogram
Record that measures urinary volume, bladder pressure, and capacity to evaluate urinary dysfunction such as incontinence
65
Cystoscopy
Exam of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
66
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Kidney biopsy(Bx)
Renal biopsy
```
Removal of the kidney tissue for pathological examination
67
Radiography
X-ray studies commonly used in urology
68
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Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
Intravenous urogram
```
X-rays of the urinary tract taken after iodine is injected into the bloodstream and as the contrast passes through the kidney, revealing obstruction, evidence of trauma, etc.
69
Kidney, Ureter, Bladder (KUB)
Abdominal X-ray of kidney, ureter, bladder typically used as a scout film before doing an IVP
70
Scout film
Plain X-ray taken to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging
71
Renal angiogram (arteriogram)
X-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into the catheter the artery
72
Retrograde pyelogram (RP)
X-ray of the upper urinary tract taken after contrast medium is injected up to the kidney by way of a small catheter passed through a cystoscope--done to detect the presence of stones or obstruction
73
Voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram (VCU or VCUG)
X-ray of the bladder and urethra taken during urination
74
Abdominal sonogram
Ultrasound image of the urinary tract including the kidney, ureters, and bladder
75
Urinalysis (UA)
Physical, chemical,and microscopic examination of urine
76
Specific gravity (SpGr)
Measure of the kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute urine
77
pH
Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine
78
Glucose (sugar)
Chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine, used most often to screen for diabetes
79
Albumin (alb)
Protein
Chemical test used to detect albumin in the urine
80
Ketones
Chemical test used to detect ketone bodies in the urine; if (+), fats are being utilized by the body instead of carbohydrates,which occurs in starvation or an unstable diabetic state
81
Occult blood, urine
Chemical test used to detect hidden blood in the urine resulting from RBC hemolysis-- indicates bleeding in the kidneys
82
Bilirubin
Chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine-- seen in gallbladder and liver disease
83
Urobilinogen
Chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine-- increased amounts seen in gallbladder and liver disease
84
Nitrite
Chemical test used to detect bacteria in the urine
85
Microscopic findings
Microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine as reported per high- or low- power field
86
Urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium that propagates the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified, and drugs to which they are sensitive are listed
87
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood- a high BUN indicates the kidney's inability to excrete urea
88
Creatinine, serum
Test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood- useful in assessing kidney function
89
Creatinine, urine
Test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine
90
Creatinine clearance testing
Measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate that creatinine is "cleared" from the blood by the kidneys
91
Urologic endoscopic surgery
Use of specialized endoscopes within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures, such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, or placement of a stent
92
Resectoscope
Urologic endoscope sent through the urethra to respect lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostrate
93
Intracorporeal lithotripsy
Method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using electrical energy discharges transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope-- most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones
94
Nephrotomy
Incision into the kidney
95
Nephrorrhaphy
Suture of an injured kidney
96
Nephrolithotomy
Incision into the kidney for the removal of stones
97
Nephrectomy
Excision of a kidney
98
Pyeloplasty
Surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis
99
Stent placement
Use of a device to hold open vessels or tubes
100
Kidney transplantation
| Renal transplantation
Transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient)
101
Urinary diversion
Creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body-- used to treat defects or disease such as bladder cancer
102
Common types of urinary diversion:
| Noncontinent ileal conduit
Removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen--urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag)
103
Continent urostomy
Internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine that diverts urine through an opening, tat is brought through the abdominal wall; a valve is created internally to prevent leakage,and the pt empties the pouch by catheterization
104
Orthotopic bladder (neobladder)
Bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding
105
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Procedure using ultrasound to penetrate the body from outside and bombard and disintegrate a stone within-- most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder
106
Kidney dialysis
Methods of filtering impurities from the blood to replace the function of one or both kidneys due to renal failure
107
Hemodialysis
Method to remove impurities by pumping the pt's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine (hemodialyzer)
108
Peritoneal dialysis
Method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; catheter insertion in the peritoneal cavity is required to deliver cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out in cycles
109
Kegel exercises
Specific exercises that strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to maintain proper organ placement and retain urine
110
Urinary catheterization
Methods of placing a tube into the bladder to drain or collect urine
111
Common types:
| Straight catheter
Inserted through the urethra into the bladder to relieve urinary retention or collect a sterile specimen of urine for testing-- removed immediately after the procedure
112
Foley catheter
Indwelling catheter inserted through the urethra into the bladder; includes a collection system that allows urine to be drained into a bag-- can remain in place for an extended time
113
Suprapubic catheter
Indwelling catheter inserted directly into the bladder through an abdominal incision above the pubic bone; includes a collection system that allows urine to be drained into a bag-- used in pt's requiring long-term catheterization
114
Analgesic
Drug that relieves pain
115
Antibiotic
Drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
116
Antispasmodic
Drug that relieves spasm
117
Diuretic
Drug that increases the secretion of urine
