Chapter 10/Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
Cerebell/o
A
Cerebellum (little brain)
2
Q
Cerebr/o
A
Cerebrum (largest part of brain)
3
Q
Crani/o
A
Skull
4
Q
Encephal/o
A
Entire brain
5
Q
Esthesi/o
A
Sensation
6
Q
Gangli/o
A
Ganglion (knot)
7
Q
Gli/o
A
Glue
8
Q
Gnos/o
A
Knowing
9
Q
Hypn/o
A
Sleep
10
Q
Somn/i
A
Sleep
11
Q
Somn/o
A
Sleep
12
Q
Kinesi/o
A
Movement
13
Q
Lex/o
A
Word or phrase
14
Q
Mening/o
A
Meninges (membrane)
15
Q
Meningi/o
A
Meninges (membrane)
16
Q
Myel/o
A
Spinal cord or bone marrow
17
Q
Narc/o
A
Stupor,sleep
18
Q
Neur/o
A
Nerve
19
Q
Phas/o
A
Speech
20
Q
Phob/o
A
Exaggerated fear or sensitivity
21
Q
Phor/o
A
Carry or bear
22
Q
Phren/o
A
Mind
23
Q
Psych/o
A
Mind
24
Q
Thym/o
A
Mind
25
Schiz/o
Split
26
Somat/o
Body
27
Spin/o
Spine (thorn)
28
Spondyl/o
Vertebra
29
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
30
Stere/o
Three dimensional or solid
31
Tax/o
Order or coordination
32
Thalam/o
Thalamus (a room)
33
Ton/o
Tone or tension
34
Top/o
Place
35
Ventricul/o
Ventricle (belly or pouch)
36
Cata-
Down
37
-asthenia
Weakness
38
-lepsy
Seizure
39
-mania
Condition of abnormal impulse toward
40
-paresis
Slight paralysis
41
-plegia
Paralysis
42
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
43
Brain
Portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium
44
Cerebrum
Largest portion of the brain; it is divided into right and left halves known as cerebral hemispheres that are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie
45
Frontal lobe
Anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality
46
Parietal lobe
Portion posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch
47
Temporal lobe
Portion that lies below the frontal lobe, responsible for hearing, taste, and smell
48
Occipital lobe
Portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision
49
Cerebral cortex
Outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter, responsible for higher mental functions
50
Thalamus (diencephalon)
Two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain, responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
51
Gyri
Ring or circle; convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres
52
Sulci
Ditch; shallow grooves that separate Gyri
53
Fissures
Splitting crack; deep grooves in the brain
54
Cerebellum
Portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles
55
Brain stem
Region of the brain that serves a a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum,and spinal cord, responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; there are three levels: mesencephalon (midbrain),pons, and medulla oblongata
56
Ventricles
Series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and Brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid
57
Arthr/o
Articulation
58
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
59
Spinal cord
Column of nervous tissue from the Brainstem through the vertebrae, responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body
60
Meninges
Three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid
61
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves that branch from the central nervous system, including nerves of the brain and spinal cord
62
Cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
63
Spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
64
Sensory nerves
Nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory info to the brain- also called afferent nerves
65
Motor nerves
Nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves
66
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands
67
Hypothalamus
Control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus
68
Sympathetic nervous system
Division of the ANS concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations
69
Parasympathetic nervous system
Division of ANS that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience
70
Aphasia
Condition w/o speech; impairment due to localized brain injury that affects understanding, retrieving, and formulating meaningful and sequential elements of language
71
Dysarthria
Condition of difficult articulation; group of related speech impairments that may affect the speed, range, direction, strength,and timing of motor movements a a result of paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech muscles
72
Dysphasia
Difficulty speaking
73
Coma
General term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness; a common method of assessment is the Glasgow coma scale
74
Delirium
State of mental confusion due to disturbances in cerebral function-there are many causes, including fever,shock, or drug overdose
75
Dementia
Impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion
76
Motor deficit
Loss or impairment of muscle function
77
Sensory deficit
Loss or impairment of sensation
78
Neuralgia
Pain along the course of a nerve
79
Paralysis
Temporary or permanent loss of motor control
80
Flaccid paralysis
Defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
81
Spastic paralysis
Stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder
82
Hemiparesis
Partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body
83
Sciatica
Pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots
84
Seizure
Sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from abnormal firing of nerve impulses
85
Convulsion
To pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles
86
Syncope
Fainting
87
Tactile stimulation
Evoking a response by touching
88
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
89
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
90
Agnosia
Any of many types of loss of neurological function associated w/ interpretation of sensory info
91
Asterognosis
Inability to judge the form of an object by touch
92
Atopognosis
Inability to locate a sensation properly, such as to locate a point touched on the body
93
Alzheimer's Disease
Disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death
94
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
A condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms, legs, muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing to total paralysis and death-also known as Lou Gehrig disease
95
Cerebral palsy (CP)
Condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination
96
Cerebrovascular disease
Disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
97
Cerebral arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries of the brain
98
Cerebral atherosclerosis
Condition of lipid (fat) buildup within the blood vessels of the brain
99
Cerebral aneurysm
Dilation of a blood vessel in the brain
100
Cerebral thrombosis
Presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
101
Cerebral embolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation
102
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) stroke
Damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease (occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus or thrombus or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm)
103
Transient Ischemic attack (TIA)
Brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurological deficit (impairment) often precedes a CVA
104
Carotid TIA
Ischemia of the anterior circulation of the brain
105
Vertebrobasilar TIA
Ischemia of the posterior circulation of the brain
106
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
107
Epilepsy
Disorder affecting the CNS characterized by recurrent seizures
108
Tonic-clonic
Stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups--previously termed grand mal (big bad) seizure
109
Absence
Seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement--previously termed petit mal (little bad) seizure
110
Partial
Seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms
111
Glioma
Tumor of glial cells graded by degree of malignancy
112
Herniated disk
Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
113
Herpes zoster
Viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilaterally--also know as shingles
114
Huntington Disease (HD)
Hereditary disease of the CNS
115
Huntington chorea
Characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements and progressive dementia
116
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephaly
Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor
117
Meningioma
Benign tumor of the coverings of the brain
118
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
119
Migraine headache
Paroxysmal attacks of mostly unilateral headache often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, and/or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of the arteries
120
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Disease of the CNS characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, w/ episodes of neurological dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission)
121
Myasthenia Gravis
Autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength w/ activity and a return of strength after a period of rest
122
Myelitis
Inflammation of the spinal cord
123
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis (cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake (hypnagogic hallucinations)
124
Parkinson's Disease
Condition of slowly progressive degeneration of an area of the Brainstem (substantia Nigra) resulting in a decrease of dopamine; characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, and slow movements, usually occurring later in life
125
Plegia
Paralysis
126
Hemiplegia
Paralysis on one side of the body
127
Paraplegia
Paralysis from the waist down
128
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four limbs
129
Poliomyelitis
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord cause by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
130
Polyneuritis
Inflammation involving two or more nerves, often owing to a nutritional deficiency such as lack of thiamine
131
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD)
Condition of abnormal function of the sympathetic nervous system in response to pain perception, usually as the result of an injury to an extremity; symptoms include persistent burning pain, tissue edema, joint tenderness,changes in skin color and temp, and abnormal sweating at the pain site--decreased mobility caused by pain can lead to muscle atrophy and loss of motor function
132
Sleep apnea
Periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
133
Spina bifida
Congenital defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of spinal membrane or tissue
134
Electrodiagnostic procedures:Electroencephalogram
Record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain used to identify neurological conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness
135
Evoked potentials
Record of minute electrical potentials (waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders--also used to monitor the neurological function of patients during surgery
136
Nerve conduction velocity (NCV)
Electrical shock of peripheral nerves to record time of conduction; used to diagnose various peripheral nervous system diseases
137
Polysomnography (PSG)
Recording of various aspects of sleep to diagnose sleep disorders
138
Lumbar puncture (LP)
Intro of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose, such as to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for testing; also called spinal tap
139
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Non-ionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomical structures such as tissues of the brain and spinal cord
140
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Use of magnetic resonance imaging of the blood vessels--useful in detecting pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis
141
Intracranial MRA
Magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the circle of Willis
142
Extra cranial MRA
Magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery
143
Nuclear medicine imaging
Radionuclide organ imaging
144
SPECT brain scan (Single photon emission computed tomography)
Scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes
145
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology-- used to study stroke, Alzheimer's, epilepsy, metabolic brain disorders, chemistry of nerve transmissions in the brain, etc..
146
Radiography
X-Ray imaging
147
Cerebral angiogram
X-Ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium
148
Computed tomography
Computed tomographic x-Ray images of the head used to visualize abnormalities within
149
Myelogram
X-Ray of the spinal cord made after intraspinal injection of contrast medium
150
Reflex testing
Test performed to observe the body's response to a stimulus
151
Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
Involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon indicating function; (+) findings are noted when there is either no response or an exaggerated response to stimulus; numbers are often used to record responses: no response, 1+ diminished response, 2+ normal response, 3+ more brisk than average response, 4+ hyperactive response
152
Babinski sign or reflex
Pathological response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a (+) sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (curl upward)
153
Transcranial sonogram
Image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels-used in diagnosis and management of stroke and head trauma
154
Craniectomy
Excision of part of the skull to approach the brain
155
Craniotomy
Incision into the skull to approach the brain
156
Diskectomy
Removal of a herniated disk often done percutaneously
157
Laminectomy
Excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord
158
Vertebral lamina
Flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch
159
Microsurgery
Utilization of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery
160
Neuroendovascular surgery
Diagnosis and treatment of disorders within cerebral blood vessels performed in a specialized angiographic lab by interventional neuroradiologists
161
Neuroplasty
Surgical repair of a nerve
162
Spondylosyndesis
Spinal fusion
163
Chemotherapy
Treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
164
Radiation therapy
Treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede proliferation of malignant cells
165
Stereotactic radio surgery
Radiation tx to inactivate malignant lesions involving the focus of multiple, precise external radiation beams on a target with the aid of a stereotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, or angiography; used to treat inoperable brain tumors and other lesions
166
Stereotactic frame
Mechanical device used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site
167
Thrombolytic therapy
Dissolution of thrombi using drugs used to treat acute ischemic stroke
168
Analgesic
Agent that relieves pain
169
Anticoagulant
Drug that prevents clotting of the blood; commonly used to prevent heart attack and ischemic stroke
170
Anticonvulsant
Agent that prevents or lessens convulsion
171
Hypnotic
Agent that induces sleep
172
Sedative
Agent that has a calming effect
173
Affect
Emotional feeling or mood
174
Flat affect
Significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
175
Apathy
Lack of interest or display of emotion
176
Catatonia
State of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate
177
Delusion
Persistent belief that has no basis in reality
178
Grandiose delusion
Person's false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power
179
Persecutory delusion
Person's false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with intent to harm
180
Dysphoria
Restless, dissatisfied mood
181
Euphoria
Exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being
182
Hallucination
False perception of the senses for which there is no reality, most commonly hearing or seeing things
183
Ideation
Formation of thoughts or ideas
184
Mania
State of abnormal elation and increased activity
185
Neurosis
Psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent
186
Psychosis
Mental condition characterized by distortion of reality, resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment
187
Thought disorder
Thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction
188
Major depression
Disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest
189
Dysthymia
Milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression persisting for at least 2 years
190
Manic depression bipolar disorder (BD)
Affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression
191
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and remit in the spring
192
Generalized anxiety disorder
Most common anxiety disorder,characterized by chronic, excessive, and uncontrollable worry about everyday problems that affects the ability to relax concentrate but does not usually interfere w/ social interactions or employment
193
Panic disorder
Disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings including physical sx that mimic a heart attack such as rapid heart rate, chest pain, SOB, chills, sweating, and dizziness
194
Phobia
Exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic
195
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience,injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer w/ persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal
196
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions, which can interferes/ all aspects of a persons daily life
197
Hypochondriasis
Preoccupations w/ thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary
198
Autism
Developmental disability commonly appearing during the first 3 years of life, resulting from a neurological disorder affecting brain function,evidenced by difficulties w/ verbal and nonverbal communication, and an inability to relate to anything beyond oneself
199
Dyslexia
Developmental disability characterized by a difficulty understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs, affecting reading, spelling, and self-expression
200
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses
201
Mental retardation
Condition of sub average intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or below, resulting in the inability to adapt to normal social activities
202
Anorexia nervosa
Severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight, evidenced by a fear of becoming fat that results in refusal to eat and body weight well below normal
203
Bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion through induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise
204
Substance abuse disorders
Mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances causing personal and social dysfunction
205
Schizophrenia
Disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment characterized by a broad range of (+) and (-) sx
206
Disorganized schizophrenia
Featuring disorganized speech, behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect
207
Catatonic schizophrenia
Featuring Catatonia
208
Paranoid schizophrenia
Featuring delusions, most often persecutory or grandiose types
209
Schizoaffective disorder
Concurrent w/ major depression or manic depression
210
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions; used to treat severely depressed patients
211
Light therapy
Use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder
212
Psychotherapy
Tx of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction w/ pt's, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques
213
Behavioral therapy
Tx to decrease or stop unwanted behavior
214
Cognitive therapy
Tx to change unwanted patterns of thinking
215
Psychotropic drugs
Medications used to treat mental illnesses
216
Anti anxiety agents
Drugs used to reduce anxiety
217
Antidepressant
Agent that counters depression
218
Neuroleptic agents
Drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia
219
Aden/o
Gland
220
Adren/o
Adrenal gland
221
Andr/o
Male
222
Crin/o
To secrete
223
Dips/o
Thirst
224
Gluc/o
Sugar
225
Glucos/o
Sugar
226
Glyc/o
Sugar
227
Glycos/o
Sugar
228
Hormon/o
Hormone ( an urging on)
229
Ket/o
Ketone bodies
230
Keton/o
Ketone bodies
231
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
232
Thym/o
Thymus gland
233
Thyr/o
Thyroid gland (shield)
234
Thyroid/o
Thyroid gland (shield)
235
Adrenal glands
Located next to each kidney, the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
236
Suprarenal glands
Located next to each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
237
Steroid hormones: Gucocorticoids: mineral corticosteroids; androgens
Regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; some effect on sexual characteristics
238
Epinephrine
| Norepinephrine
Affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response
239
Ovaries
Located one on each side of the uterus in the female pelvis, functioning to secrete estrogen and progesterone
240
Estrogen
| Progesterone
Responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of reproduction
241
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, functioning to secrete insulin and glucagon
242
Insulin
| Glucagon
Regulate carbohydrate/sugar metabolism
243
Parathyroid glands
Located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, functioning to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
244
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Regulated Ca2+ and P metabolism
245
Pineal gland
Located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin and serotonin
246
Melatonin
Exact function unknown; affects onset of puberty
247
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin
248
Pituitary gland
| Hypophysis
Located at the base of the brain, the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
249
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
250
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
251
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
252
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes
253
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Affects skin pigmentation
254
Growth hormone (GH)
Influences growth
255
Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone)
| Posterior pituitary
Stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
256
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
257
Oxytocin
Influences uterine contraction
258
Testes
Located one on each side within the scrotum in the male, functioning to secrete testosterone
259
Testosterone
Affects masculinization and reproduction
260
Thymus gland
Located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart, functioning to secrete thymosin
261
Thymosin
Regulated immune response
262
Thyroid gland
Located in front of the neck,functioning to secrete triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin
263
Triiodothyronine (T3)
| Thyroxine (T4)
Known as the thyroid hormones; regulates metabolism
264
Calcitonin
Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
265
Exophthalmos
| Exophthalmus
Protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often bc of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
266
Glucosuria
| Glycouria
Glucose (sugar)in the urine
267
Hirsutism
Shaggy;an excessive growth of hair especially in unusual places (woman with beard)
268
Hypercalcemia
An abnormally high level of Ca in the blood
269
Hypocalcemia
An abnormally low level of Ca in the blood
270
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
271
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
272
Hyperkalemia
An abnormally high level of K in the blood
273
Hypokalemia
Deficient level of K in the blood
274
Hypernatremia
Excessive level of Na ions in the blood
275
Hyponatremia
Low level of Na ions in the blood
276
Hypersecretion
Abnormally increased secretion
277
Hyposecretion
Decreased secretion
278
```
Ketosis
Ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
```
Presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates as seen in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation
279
Metabolism
All chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions
280
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
281
Polyuria
Excessive urination
282
Cushing syndrome
Collection of signs and sx caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause
283
Adrenal virilism
Excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen in adult women owing to tumor hyperplasia
284
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Metabolic disorder caused by an abnormal utilization of insulin secreted by the pancreas
285
Insulin
Hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose
286
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin-- the pt is dependent on insulin for survival
287
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes in which the body produces insulin, but not enough, or there's insulin resistance
288
Hyperinsulinism
Condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions, often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas
289
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
290
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor
291
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
292
Pituitary gland
Considered the master gland bc it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles
293
Acromegaly
Disease characterized by enlarged features, especially the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
294
Diabetes insipidus
Condition of abnormal increase in urine output most commonly caused by inadequate secretion of pituitary antidiuretic hormone; sx include Polyuria and polydipsia; urine appears colorless due to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine
295
Pituitary dwarfism
Condition of congenital Hyposecretion of growth hormone slowing growth and causing a short yet proportionate stature--often treated during childhood w/ growth hormone. Most often caused by gene defects
296
Pituitary gigantism
Condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
297
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation
298
Hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease
Thyrotoxicosis
Condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor
299
Hypothyroidism
Condition of Hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity
300
Myxedema
Advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin
301
Cretinism
Condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed
302
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Blood sugar (BS)
Blood glucose
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Measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
303
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Measurement of blood sugar level after a fast of 12 hour
304
Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
Measurement of blood sugar level after a meal, commonly after 2 hours
305
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter--usually for 4-6 hours
306
Glycohemoglobin
Molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin that rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; it is a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes, also known as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
307
Electrolytes
Measurement of the level of specific ions in the blood; electrolyte balance is essential for normal metabolism
308
Thyroid function study
Measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, TSH
309
Urine sugar and ketone studies
Chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in the urine; used as a screen for diabetes
310
Computed tomography (CT)
CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse view of the pituitary gland
311
Sonography
Sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as w/ thyroid ultrasound
312
Thyroid uptake and image
Nuclear image involving scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously ingested isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
313
Adrenalectomy
Excision of adrenal gland
314
Hypophysectomy
Excision of pituitary gland
315
Pancreatectomy
Excision of pancreas
316
Parathyroidectomy
Excision of parathyroid gland
317
Thymectomy
Excision of thymus gland
318
Thyroidectomy
Excision of thyroid gland
319
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
| Insulin pump therapy
Use of an insulin delivery device worn on the body that subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic patient
320
Radioiodine therapy
Use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells
321
Antihypoglycemic
Drug that raises blood glucose
322
Antithyroid drug
Agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism
323
Hormone replacement
Drug that replaces a hormone deficiency
324
Hypoglycemic antihyperglycemic
Drug that lowers blood glucose
