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Medical Terminology > Chaper 9 > Flashcards

Chaper 9 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Bronch/o

Bronchi/o

A

Bronchus (airway)

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2
Q

Bronchiol/o

A

Bronchiole (little airway)

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3
Q

Capn/o

Carb/o

A

Carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Laryng/o

A

Larynx (voice box)

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5
Q

Lob/o

A

Lobe (a portion)

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6
Q

Nas/o

Rhin/o

A

Nose

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7
Q

Or/o

A

Mouth

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8
Q

Ox/o

A

Oxygen

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9
Q

Palat/o

A

Palate

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10
Q

Pharyng/o

A

Pharynx (throat)

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11
Q

Phren/o

A

Diaphragm (also mind)

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12
Q

Pleur/o

A

Pleura

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13
Q

Pneum/o

Pneumon/o

A

Air or lung

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14
Q

Pulmon/o

A

Lung

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15
Q

Sinus/o

A

Sinus (cavity)

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16
Q

Spir/o

A

Breathing

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17
Q

Thorac/o

Pector/o

Steth/o

A

Chest

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18
Q

Tonsill/o

A

Tonsil (almond)

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19
Q

Trache/o

A

Trachea (windpipe)

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20
Q

Uvul/o

A

Uvula

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21
Q

-pnea

A

Breathing

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22
Q

Nose

A

Structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract and that houses the olfactory receptors for the senses of smell

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23
Q

Sinuses

A

Air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

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24
Q

Palate

A

Partition b/ the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate

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25
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

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26
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

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27
Q

Oropharynx

A

Central portion of the pharynx b/ the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

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28
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Lower part of the pharynx just below the Oropharynx opening into the larynx and the esophagus

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29
Q

Tonsils

A

Oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion-also called palatine tonsils

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30
Q

Adenoid

A

Lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose-also called pharyngeal tonsil

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31
Q

Uvula

A

Small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate, named for its grape-like shape

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32
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

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33
Q

Glottis

A

Opening b/ the vocal cords in the larynx

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34
Q

Epiglottis

A

Lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

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35
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina where it splits into the right and left bronchus

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36
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Branched airways that lead from the trachea to the alveoli

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37
Q

Right and left bronchus

A

Two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs

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38
Q

Bronchioles

A

Progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

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39
Q

Alveoli

A

Thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases

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40
Q

Lungs

A

Two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

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41
Q

Lobes

A

Subdivisions of the lung, two on the left and three on the right

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42
Q

Pleura

A

Membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)

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43
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Potential space b/ the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

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44
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in respiration by moving up and down

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45
Q

Mediastinum

A

Partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (that contain right and left lungs) and encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea,and thymus gland

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46
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Thin sheets of tissue that line the respiratory passages and secretes mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid

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47
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, that provide upward movement of mucus cell membranes

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48
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional tissues of any organ such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs that perform respiration

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49
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal breathing

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50
Q

Bradypnea

A

Slow breathing

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51
Q

Tachypnea

A

Fast breathing

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52
Q

Hypopnea

A

Shallow breathing

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53
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Deep breathing

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54
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

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55
Q

Apnea

A

Inability to breath

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56
Q

Alveol/o

A

Alveolus (air sac)

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57
Q

Orthopnea

A

Ability to breath only in an upright position

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58
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

Pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea

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59
Q

Lung sound: Crackles

Rales

A

Popping sounds heard on ausculatation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli- occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis

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60
Q

Wheezes

Rhonchi

A

High-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway- occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema

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61
Q

Stridor

A

A high-pitched crowing sound that is a sign of obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)

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62
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance

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63
Q

Dysphonia

A

Hoarseness

64
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nosebleed

65
Q

Expectoration

A

Coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs

66
Q

Sputum

A

Material expelled from the lungs by coughing

67
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs

68
Q

Hypercapnia

Hypercarbia

A

Excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood

69
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs causing hypocapnia

70
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Deficient movement of air in and out of the lungs causing hypercapnia

71
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

72
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deficient amount of blood in tissue cells

73
Q

Obstructive lung disorder

A

Condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs

74
Q

Restrictive lung disorder

A

Condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs

75
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the alveoli

76
Q

Pulmonary infiltrate

A

Density on an X-ray representing solid material within the air spaces of the lungs, usually indicating inflammatory changes

77
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

Thin, watery discharge from the nose

78
Q

Asthma

A

Panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane, characterized by paroxysmal (sudden,periodic) attacks of wheezing, Dyspnea, and cough

79
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of lung tissue

80
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus

81
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchi

82
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Lung cancer

83
Q

Bronchospasm

A

Contraction of bronchi caused by a spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle

84
Q

Emphysema

A

Obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by over expansion of the alveoli with air, with destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange

85
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

86
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, and lung tissue damage

87
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx

88
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)

Croup

A

Inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct “seal bark” cough

89
Q

Laryngospasm

A

Spasm of laryngeal muscles causing constriction

90
Q

Nasal polyposis

A

Presence of numerous polyps in the nose

91
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx

92
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity

93
Q

Empyema

Pyothorax

A

Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity

94
Q

Hemothorax

A

Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity

95
Q

Pleuritis

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura

96
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts such as coal, asbestos, or silicone

97
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals

98
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

Pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism

99
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

100
Q

Pneumohemothorax

A

Air and blood in the pleural cavity

101
Q

Pneumonitis

A

Inflammation of the lung often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dust

102
Q

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

Occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot

103
Q

Pulmonary tuberculosis

A

Disease caused by the presence of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions

104
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the sinuses

105
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring

106
Q

Tonsillitis

A

Acute or chronic Inflammation of the tonsils

107
Q

Upper respiratory infection (URI)

A

Infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi

108
Q

Arterial blood gases (ABGs)

A

Analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases

109
Q

PH

A

A measure of blood acidity or alkalinity

110
Q

PaO2

A

Partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood

111
Q

PaCO2

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

112
Q

Endoscopy

A

Exam of a body cavity with a flexible endoscope to examine within for diagnostic or treatment purposes

113
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Use of flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways

114
Q

Nasopharyngoscopy

A

Use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities such as obstructions,growths, and cancers

115
Q

Lung biopsy (Bx)

A

Removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathological examination

116
Q

Lung scan

A

2-part nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of perfusion (blood flow) or ventilation (respiration), commonly called a V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) scan

117
Q

Magnetic resonance image (MRI)

A

Nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions

118
Q

Polysomnography (PSG)

A

Recording of various aspects of sleep (eye and muscle movements, respiration, brain wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders

119
Q

Physical exam methods: Auscultation

A

To listen; physical exam method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds

120
Q

Physical Exam Method: Percussion

A

Method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity such as the chest

121
Q

Pulmonary function testing (PFT)

A

Direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities

122
Q

Spirometry

A

Portion of pulmonary function testing that is a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity

123
Q

Ventilation scan

A

Made as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways

124
Q

Perfusion scan

A

Made after radioactive material is injected into the blood and circulates to the lungs

125
Q

Tidal volume (TVorVt)

A

Amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration

126
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

127
Q

Peak flow (PF)

Peak respiratory flow rate (PEFR)

A

Measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration

128
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

Noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter w/ a specialized probe attached to the skin at the site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor Hypoxemia

129
Q

Radiology

A

X-ray imaging

130
Q

Chest X-ray (CXR)

A

X-ray image of the chest to visualize the lungs

131
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Computed X-ray imaging of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses; CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lungs

132
Q

Pulmonary angiography

A

X-ray of the blood vessels of the lungs after injection of contrast material

133
Q

Adenoidectomy

A

Excision of the adenoids

134
Q

Lobectomy

A

Removal of a lobe of a lung

135
Q

Nasal polypectomy

A

Removal of a nasal polyp

136
Q

Pneumonectomy

A

Removal of an entire lung

137
Q

Thoracentesis

A

Puncture for aspiration of the chest

138
Q

Thoracoplasty

A

Repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs

139
Q

Thoracoscopy

A

Endoscopic exam of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope

140
Q

Thoracostomy

A

Creation of an opening in the chest usually for insertion of a tube

141
Q

Thoracotomy

A

Incision into the chest

142
Q

Tonsillectomy

A

Excision of the palatine tonsils

143
Q

Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy (T & A)

A

Excision of the tonsils and the adenoids

144
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Creation of an opening in the trachea, most often to insert a tube

145
Q

Tracheotomy

A

Incision into the trachea

146
Q

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

Method of artificial respiration and closed-chest massage used to restore breathing and cardiac output after cardiac arrest

147
Q

Continuous positive aria pressure (CPAP)

A

Device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea

148
Q

Endotracheal intubation

A

Passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs

149
Q

Incentive Spirometry

A

Common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and repeatedly sustain an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications

150
Q

Mechanical ventilation

A

Mechanical method performed by a respiratory therapist to provide assisted breathing using a ventilator

151
Q

Antibiotic

A

Drug that kills or inhibits the growth of micro organisms

152
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels

153
Q

Antihistamine

A

Drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine

154
Q

Histamine

A

Compound in the body that is released by injured cells in allergic reactions, inflammation, etc.., causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, etc

155
Q

Bronchodilator

A

Drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi

156
Q

Expectorant

A

Drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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