Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Vas/o
A
Vessel
2
Q
Vascul/o
A
Vessel
3
Q
Aort/o
A
Aorta
4
Q
Arteri/o
A
Artery
5
Q
Ather/o
A
Fatty (lipid) paste
6
Q
Atri/o
A
Atrium
7
Q
Cardi/o
A
Heart
8
Q
Coron/o
A
Circle or crown
9
Q
My/o
A
Muscle
10
Q
Pector/o
A
Chest
11
Q
Steth/o
A
Chest
12
Q
Sphygm/o
A
Pulse
13
Q
Thrombo
A
Clot
14
Q
Ven/o
A
Vein
15
Q
Phleb/o
A
Vein
16
Q
Varic/o
A
Swollen, twisted vein
17
Q
Ventricul/o
A
Ventricle (belly or pouch)
18
Q
Atrium
A
Upper right and left chambers of the heart
19
Q
Endocardium
A
Membrane lining the cavities of the heart
20
Q
Epicardium
A
Membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
21
Q
Interatrial septum
A
Partition b/ right and left atrium
22
Q
Interventricular septum
A
Partition b/ right and left ventricle
23
Q
Myocardium
A
Heart muscle
24
Q
Pericardium
A
Protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between
25
Parietal pericardium
Outer layer
26
Pericardial cavity
Fluid-filled cavity b/ the pericardial layers
27
Visceral pericardium
Layer closest to the heart
28
Ventricle
Lower right and left chambers of he heart
29
Heart valves
Structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
30
Aortic valve
Heart valve b/ the left ventricle and the aorta
31
Mitral or bicuspid valve
Heart valve b/ the left atrium and left ventricle
32
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
33
Tricuspid valve
Valve b/ the right atrium and the right ventricle
34
Valves of the veins
Valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart
35
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles
36
Aorta
Large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
37
Arterioles
Small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
38
Capillaries
Tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
39
Venules
Small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
40
Veins
Vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
41
Systemic circulation
Circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
42
Coronary circulation
Circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
43
Pulmonary circulation
Circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases
44
Diastole
To expand; period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
45
Systole
To contract; period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary artery
46
Normotension
Normal blood pressure
47
Hypotension
Low BP
48
Hypertension
High BP
49
Sinoatrial node (SA)
The pacemaker; highly specialized neurobiological tissue, embedded in the wall of the right atrium, responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node
50
Atrioventricular node
Neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His
51
Bundle of His
Neurological fibers, extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches, that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers
52
Angi/o
Vessel
53
Purine fibers
Fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
54
Polarization
Resting; resting state of a myocardial cell
55
Depolarization
Chang of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction
56
Repolarization
Recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state
57
Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
Regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (average rate of 60-100 beats/minute)
58
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of the arterial walls
59
Atherosclerosis
Buildup of fatty substances within the walls of arteries
60
Atheromatous plaque
A swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids)
61
Thrombus
A stationary blood clot
62
Embolus
A clot (air, fat, foreign object) carried in the bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges
63
Stenosis
Condition of narrowing of a part
64
Constriction
Compression of a part
65
Occlusion
Plugging; obstruction or closing off
66
Ischemia
To hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
67
Perfusion deficit
A lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc.
68
Infarct
To stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia as a result of occlusion of a blood vessel
69
Angina pectoris
Chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenate blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries
70
Aneurysm
A widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, the aorta, or an artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness
71
Sac ulnar
A sac-like bulge on one side
72
Fusiform
A spindle-shaped bulge
73
Dissecting
A split or tear of the vessel wall
74
Claudication
To limp; pain in a limb (esp the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; it is caused by inadequate blood supply
75
Diaphoresis
Profuse sweating
76
Heart murmur
An abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
77
Palpitation
Subjective experience of pounding, skipping or racing heart beats
78
Vegetation
To grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally a result of an infection such as bacterial endocarditis
79
Arrhythmia
Any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
80
Dysrhythmia
Any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
81
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate
82
Fibrillation
Chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation
83
Flutter
Extremely rapid but regular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular flutter
84
Heart block
An interference w/ the normal electrical conduction of the heart defined by the location of the block
85
Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
A ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (pacemaker)
86
Tachycardia
Fast heart rate (>100 beats/minute)
87
Arteriosclerosis heart
A degenerative condition of the arteries characterized by thickening of the inner lining, loss of elasticity, and susceptibility to rupture-seen most often in the aged or smokers
88
Bacterial endocarditis
A bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves
89
Cardiac tamponade
Compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart
90
Cardiomyopathy
A general term for disease of the heart muscle
91
Congenital anomaly of the heart
Malformations of the heart present at birth
92
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
An opening in the septum separating the atria
93
Coarctation of the aorta
Narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body
94
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
An abnormal opening b/ the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by the failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth
95
Tetralogy of Fallot
An anomaly that consists of 4 defects; pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, malposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy-causes blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation so that deoxygenated blood goes into the systemic circulation, resulting in cyanosis
96
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
An opening in the septum separating the ventricles
97
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a "bottleneck" of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body
98
Cor pulmonale
A condition of enlargement of the right ventricle as a result of chronic disease within the lungs that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs
99
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
A condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium- most often caused by atherosclerosis
100
Hypertension (HTN)
Persistently high BP
101
Essential (primary) HTN
High BP attributed to no single cause, but risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors
102
Secondary HTN
High BP caused by the effects of another disease
103
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflip of blood
104
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) owing to loss of blood flow (ischemia) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery-usually caused by atherosclerosis; sx include pain in the chest or upper body, SOB, Diaphoresis, and nausea
105
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection
106
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
107
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
108
Rheumatic heart disease
Damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever
109
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
110
Varicose veins
Abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves, most often seen in the legs
111
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins
112
Auscultation
A physical exam method of listening to sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope
113
Bruit
Noise; an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulence within
114
Electrocardiogram
An electrical picture of the heart represented by + and - deflections on a graph labeled w/ P, Q, R,S, and T, corresponding to events of the cardiac cycle
115
Stress Electrocardiogram
And ECG of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or ergo meter (bicycle); useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia and infarction
116
Holster ambulatory monitor
A portable electrocardiograph worn by the pt that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours- useful in detecting periodic abnormalities
117
Intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS)
Invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; intracardiac catheter ablation may be performed at the same time to treat the arrhythmia
118
Intracardiac catheter ablation
Use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites generating abnormal electrical pathways
119
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology
120
Nuclear medicine imaging of the heart
Radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotopes to visualize structure and analyze functions
121
Myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan
A scan of the heart made after an intravenous injection of an isotope that is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart
122
Myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan
A nuclear scan of the heart taken after the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill or bicycle or administration of a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in pt's unable to ambulated
123
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart
Use of nuclear isotopes and computed tomography techniques to produce perfusion images and study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be taken at rest or with stress
124
Radiology
X-ray imaging
125
Angiography
An X-ray of a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium
126
Angiogram
A record obtained by angiography
127
Coronary angiogram
An X-ray of the blood vessels of the heart
128
Arteriogram
An X-ray of a particular artery
129
Aortogram
An X-ray of the aorta
130
Venogram
An X-ray of a vein
131
Cardiac catheterization
Intro of a flexible, narrow tube or catheter through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, and inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film imaging of the chambers of the heart and coronary arteries
132
Left heart catheterization
An X-ray of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries
133
Right heart catheterization
Measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart
134
Ventriculogram
An X-ray visualizing the ventricles
135
Stroke volume (SV)
Measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction
136
Cardiac output (CO)
Measurement of the amount of blood ejected from either ventricle of the heart per minute
137
Ejection fraction
Measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected w/ each contraction
138
Sonography
Sonographic imaging
139
Echocardiography (ECHO)
Recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion
140
Stress echocardiogram
an echo of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill or bicycle or admin of a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in pt's unable to ambulate-useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia and infarction
141
Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
An echo image of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus
142
Doppler sonography
An ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis or carotid insufficiency, or flow through the heart, chambers, valves, etc.
143
Intravascular sonography
Ultrasound images made after a sonographic transducer is placed at the tip of a catheter within a blood vessel-done to evaluate
144
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Grafting of a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue
145
Anastomosis
Opening; joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other
146
Endarterectomy
Incision and coring of the lining of an artery to clear a blockag caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup
147
Transmyocardial revascularization (TMR)
A laser technique used to open tiny channels in the heart muscle to restore blood flow, thereby relieving angina in pt's w/ advanced coronary artery disease; an option for pt's not treatable w/ angioplasty or coronary artery bypass
148
Valve replacement
Surgery to replace a diseased heart valve w/ an artificial one
(Tissue and mechanical)
149
Valvuloplasty
Repair of a heart valve
150
Endovascular surgery
Interventional procedures performed endoscopically at the time of cardiac catheterization
151
Angioscopy
Use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope accompanied by an irrigation system, a camera, a video recorder, and a monitor that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and select the mode of therapy
152
Atherectomy
Excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
153
Percutaneous translational coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
A method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter w/ balloon attachment, then inflating it to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium; most often includes placement of a stent
154
Intravascular stent
Implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and ensure its patency
155
Defibrillation
Termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivery of an electrical stimulus to the heart, most commonly by applying electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall but can be performed internally at the time of open heart surgery or via an implanted device
156
Defibrillator
A device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation
157
Cardioversion
Termination of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy
158
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
An implanted, battery-operated device w/ rate-sensing leads that monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia
159
Pacemaker
A device used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating the heart to contract, most often implanted w/ lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin but can be temp. Placed externally w/ lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein
160
Thrombolytic therapy
Dissolution of thrombi using drugs
161
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
A drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme; used in the treatment of HTN
162
Antianginal
A drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris
163
Antiarrhythmic
A drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmias
164
Anticoagulant
A drug that prevents clotting of the blood commonly used in treating thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction
165
Antihypertensive
A drug that lowers BP
166
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents
| Beta blockers
Agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity causing a slowing, of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension
167
Calcium channel blockers
Agents that inhibit the entry of Ca ions in heart muscle cells causing a slowing of the heart rate, lessening the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
168
Cardiotonic
A drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart commonly used to treat congestive heart failure
169
Diuretic
A drug that increases the secretion of urine commonly prescribed in treating hypertension
170
Hypolipidemic
A drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
171
Statins
Agents that lower cholesterol in the blood by inhibiting the effect of HMG-CoA Reductase; a liver enzyme responsible for producing cholesterol
172
Thrombolytic agents
Drugs used to dissolve thrombi (blood clots)
173
Vasoconstrictor
A drug that causes narrowing of the blood vessels, decreasing blood flow
174
Vasodilator
A drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow
