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Medical Terminology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Vas/o

A

Vessel

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2
Q

Vascul/o

A

Vessel

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3
Q

Aort/o

A

Aorta

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4
Q

Arteri/o

A

Artery

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5
Q

Ather/o

A

Fatty (lipid) paste

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6
Q

Atri/o

A

Atrium

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7
Q

Cardi/o

A

Heart

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8
Q

Coron/o

A

Circle or crown

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9
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

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10
Q

Pector/o

A

Chest

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11
Q

Steth/o

A

Chest

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12
Q

Sphygm/o

A

Pulse

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13
Q

Thrombo

A

Clot

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14
Q

Ven/o

A

Vein

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15
Q

Phleb/o

A

Vein

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16
Q

Varic/o

A

Swollen, twisted vein

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17
Q

Ventricul/o

A

Ventricle (belly or pouch)

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18
Q

Atrium

A

Upper right and left chambers of the heart

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19
Q

Endocardium

A

Membrane lining the cavities of the heart

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20
Q

Epicardium

A

Membrane forming the outer layer of the heart

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21
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Partition b/ right and left atrium

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22
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Partition b/ right and left ventricle

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23
Q

Myocardium

A

Heart muscle

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24
Q

Pericardium

A

Protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between

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25
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Outer layer

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26
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Fluid-filled cavity b/ the pericardial layers

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27
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Layer closest to the heart

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28
Q

Ventricle

A

Lower right and left chambers of he heart

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29
Q

Heart valves

A

Structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

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30
Q

Aortic valve

A

Heart valve b/ the left ventricle and the aorta

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31
Q

Mitral or bicuspid valve

A

Heart valve b/ the left atrium and left ventricle

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32
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

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33
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Valve b/ the right atrium and the right ventricle

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34
Q

Valves of the veins

A

Valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart

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35
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles

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36
Q

Aorta

A

Large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle

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37
Q

Arterioles

A

Small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

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38
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules

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39
Q

Venules

A

Small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

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40
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules

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41
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues

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42
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

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43
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases

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44
Q

Diastole

A

To expand; period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria

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45
Q

Systole

A

To contract; period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary artery

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46
Q

Normotension

A

Normal blood pressure

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47
Q

Hypotension

A

Low BP

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48
Q

Hypertension

A

High BP

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49
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA)

A

The pacemaker; highly specialized neurobiological tissue, embedded in the wall of the right atrium, responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node

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50
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His

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51
Q

Bundle of His

A

Neurological fibers, extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches, that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers

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52
Q

Angi/o

A

Vessel

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53
Q

Purine fibers

A

Fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

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54
Q

Polarization

A

Resting; resting state of a myocardial cell

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55
Q

Depolarization

A

Chang of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction

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56
Q

Repolarization

A

Recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state

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57
Q

Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

A

Regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (average rate of 60-100 beats/minute)

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58
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of the arterial walls

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59
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Buildup of fatty substances within the walls of arteries

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60
Q

Atheromatous plaque

A

A swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids)

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61
Q

Thrombus

A

A stationary blood clot

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62
Q

Embolus

A

A clot (air, fat, foreign object) carried in the bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges

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63
Q

Stenosis

A

Condition of narrowing of a part

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64
Q

Constriction

A

Compression of a part

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65
Q

Occlusion

A

Plugging; obstruction or closing off

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66
Q

Ischemia

A

To hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel

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67
Q

Perfusion deficit

A

A lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc.

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68
Q

Infarct

A

To stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia as a result of occlusion of a blood vessel

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69
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenate blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries

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70
Q

Aneurysm

A

A widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, the aorta, or an artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness

71
Q

Sac ulnar

A

A sac-like bulge on one side

72
Q

Fusiform

A

A spindle-shaped bulge

73
Q

Dissecting

A

A split or tear of the vessel wall

74
Q

Claudication

A

To limp; pain in a limb (esp the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; it is caused by inadequate blood supply

75
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Profuse sweating

76
Q

Heart murmur

A

An abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

77
Q

Palpitation

A

Subjective experience of pounding, skipping or racing heart beats

78
Q

Vegetation

A

To grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally a result of an infection such as bacterial endocarditis

79
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat

80
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

Any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat

81
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate

82
Q

Fibrillation

A

Chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation

83
Q

Flutter

A

Extremely rapid but regular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular flutter

84
Q

Heart block

A

An interference w/ the normal electrical conduction of the heart defined by the location of the block

85
Q

Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

A

A ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (pacemaker)

86
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast heart rate (>100 beats/minute)

87
Q

Arteriosclerosis heart

A

A degenerative condition of the arteries characterized by thickening of the inner lining, loss of elasticity, and susceptibility to rupture-seen most often in the aged or smokers

88
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

A bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves

89
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart

90
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

A general term for disease of the heart muscle

91
Q

Congenital anomaly of the heart

A

Malformations of the heart present at birth

92
Q

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

An opening in the septum separating the atria

93
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body

94
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

An abnormal opening b/ the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by the failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth

95
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

An anomaly that consists of 4 defects; pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, malposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy-causes blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation so that deoxygenated blood goes into the systemic circulation, resulting in cyanosis

96
Q

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

An opening in the septum separating the ventricles

97
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

Failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a “bottleneck” of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body

98
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

A condition of enlargement of the right ventricle as a result of chronic disease within the lungs that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs

99
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

A condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium- most often caused by atherosclerosis

100
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

Persistently high BP

101
Q

Essential (primary) HTN

A

High BP attributed to no single cause, but risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors

102
Q

Secondary HTN

A

High BP caused by the effects of another disease

103
Q

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

Protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflip of blood

104
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

Heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) owing to loss of blood flow (ischemia) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery-usually caused by atherosclerosis; sx include pain in the chest or upper body, SOB, Diaphoresis, and nausea

105
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection

106
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

107
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

108
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

Damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever

109
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation

110
Q

Varicose veins

A

Abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves, most often seen in the legs

111
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins

112
Q

Auscultation

A

A physical exam method of listening to sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope

113
Q

Bruit

A

Noise; an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulence within

114
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

An electrical picture of the heart represented by + and - deflections on a graph labeled w/ P, Q, R,S, and T, corresponding to events of the cardiac cycle

115
Q

Stress Electrocardiogram

A

And ECG of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or ergo meter (bicycle); useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia and infarction

116
Q

Holster ambulatory monitor

A

A portable electrocardiograph worn by the pt that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours- useful in detecting periodic abnormalities

117
Q

Intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS)

A

Invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; intracardiac catheter ablation may be performed at the same time to treat the arrhythmia

118
Q

Intracardiac catheter ablation

A

Use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites generating abnormal electrical pathways

119
Q

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology

120
Q

Nuclear medicine imaging of the heart

A

Radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotopes to visualize structure and analyze functions

121
Q

Myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan

A

A scan of the heart made after an intravenous injection of an isotope that is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart

122
Q

Myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan

A

A nuclear scan of the heart taken after the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill or bicycle or administration of a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in pt’s unable to ambulated

123
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart

A

Use of nuclear isotopes and computed tomography techniques to produce perfusion images and study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be taken at rest or with stress

124
Q

Radiology

A

X-ray imaging

125
Q

Angiography

A

An X-ray of a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium

126
Q

Angiogram

A

A record obtained by angiography

127
Q

Coronary angiogram

A

An X-ray of the blood vessels of the heart

128
Q

Arteriogram

A

An X-ray of a particular artery

129
Q

Aortogram

A

An X-ray of the aorta

130
Q

Venogram

A

An X-ray of a vein

131
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

Intro of a flexible, narrow tube or catheter through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, and inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film imaging of the chambers of the heart and coronary arteries

132
Q

Left heart catheterization

A

An X-ray of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries

133
Q

Right heart catheterization

A

Measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart

134
Q

Ventriculogram

A

An X-ray visualizing the ventricles

135
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction

136
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

Measurement of the amount of blood ejected from either ventricle of the heart per minute

137
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected w/ each contraction

138
Q

Sonography

A

Sonographic imaging

139
Q

Echocardiography (ECHO)

A

Recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion

140
Q

Stress echocardiogram

A

an echo of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill or bicycle or admin of a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in pt’s unable to ambulate-useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia and infarction

141
Q

Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

A

An echo image of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus

142
Q

Doppler sonography

A

An ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis or carotid insufficiency, or flow through the heart, chambers, valves, etc.

143
Q

Intravascular sonography

A

Ultrasound images made after a sonographic transducer is placed at the tip of a catheter within a blood vessel-done to evaluate

144
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Grafting of a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue

145
Q

Anastomosis

A

Opening; joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other

146
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Incision and coring of the lining of an artery to clear a blockag caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup

147
Q

Transmyocardial revascularization (TMR)

A

A laser technique used to open tiny channels in the heart muscle to restore blood flow, thereby relieving angina in pt’s w/ advanced coronary artery disease; an option for pt’s not treatable w/ angioplasty or coronary artery bypass

148
Q

Valve replacement

A

Surgery to replace a diseased heart valve w/ an artificial one
(Tissue and mechanical)

149
Q

Valvuloplasty

A

Repair of a heart valve

150
Q

Endovascular surgery

A

Interventional procedures performed endoscopically at the time of cardiac catheterization

151
Q

Angioscopy

A

Use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope accompanied by an irrigation system, a camera, a video recorder, and a monitor that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and select the mode of therapy

152
Q

Atherectomy

A

Excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup

153
Q

Percutaneous translational coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

A method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter w/ balloon attachment, then inflating it to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium; most often includes placement of a stent

154
Q

Intravascular stent

A

Implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and ensure its patency

155
Q

Defibrillation

A

Termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivery of an electrical stimulus to the heart, most commonly by applying electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall but can be performed internally at the time of open heart surgery or via an implanted device

156
Q

Defibrillator

A

A device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation

157
Q

Cardioversion

A

Termination of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy

158
Q

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

A

An implanted, battery-operated device w/ rate-sensing leads that monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia

159
Q

Pacemaker

A

A device used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating the heart to contract, most often implanted w/ lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin but can be temp. Placed externally w/ lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein

160
Q

Thrombolytic therapy

A

Dissolution of thrombi using drugs

161
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

A

A drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme; used in the treatment of HTN

162
Q

Antianginal

A

A drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris

163
Q

Antiarrhythmic

A

A drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmias

164
Q

Anticoagulant

A

A drug that prevents clotting of the blood commonly used in treating thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction

165
Q

Antihypertensive

A

A drug that lowers BP

166
Q

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents

Beta blockers

A

Agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity causing a slowing, of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension

167
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Agents that inhibit the entry of Ca ions in heart muscle cells causing a slowing of the heart rate, lessening the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension

168
Q

Cardiotonic

A

A drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart commonly used to treat congestive heart failure

169
Q

Diuretic

A

A drug that increases the secretion of urine commonly prescribed in treating hypertension

170
Q

Hypolipidemic

A

A drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol

171
Q

Statins

A

Agents that lower cholesterol in the blood by inhibiting the effect of HMG-CoA Reductase; a liver enzyme responsible for producing cholesterol

172
Q

Thrombolytic agents

A

Drugs used to dissolve thrombi (blood clots)

173
Q

Vasoconstrictor

A

A drug that causes narrowing of the blood vessels, decreasing blood flow

174
Q

Vasodilator

A

A drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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