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Microscope_lab > chapter3 > Flashcards

chapter3 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F All bacterial cells possess a call wall

A

F : MOST exception (Mycoplasma (genus)) have none

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2
Q

T/F All bacterial cells possess cytoplasmic membrane

A

TRUE

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3
Q

DNA packing: Bacteria lack ____ and _____

A

nucleus and histones

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3
Q

T/F all bacteria cells possess a glycocalyx sugar coat

A

F : MOST do

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4
Q

prokaryotes cell wall is made of ______

A

petidoglycan

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5
Q

T/F Bacterial cells lack ribosomes and other membrane bound organelles

A

F : they lack membrane bound organelles but HAVE ribosomes

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6
Q

T/F bacterial cells have no endoplasmic reticulum

A

T : they lack membrane bound organelles

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7
Q

T/F ALL bacteria possess Flagella

A

false SOME

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8
Q

T/F ALL bacteria possess pili

A

FALSE SOME

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9
Q

T/F All bacteria contain cytoplasm

A

true

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10
Q

T/F All bacteria contain ribosomes

A

true

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11
Q

T/F All bacteria contain cytoskeleton

A

true

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12
Q

T/F All bacteria contain one or a few chromosomes

A

true

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13
Q

T/F All bacteria contain an outer membrane

A

false - some

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14
Q

T/F all bacteria contain nanowires/nanotubes

A

false - SOME

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15
Q

what are nanowires/nanotubes

A

very small structure extensions that allow bacteria to transport nutrients, electrons onto surfaces or other bacteria

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16
Q

T/F All bacteria contain plasmids

A

false- some

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17
Q

T/F all bacteria contain inclusions

A

false - some

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18
Q

T/F All bacteria contain endospores

A

F - some

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19
Q

T/F All bacteria contain microcompartments

A

false - some

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20
Q

what are micro-compartments

A

little aggregates of proteins stock pile enzymes etc in cytoplasm

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21
Q

Whats a Pleomorphic Genus bacteria

A

pleomorphic refers to organisms, particularly bacteria, that can have multiple shapes or forms. Instead of being a single, consistent shape, pleomorphic bacteria can vary in size and shape depending on their environment or growth conditions. This characteristic helps them adapt to different environments.

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22
Q

Example of pleomorphic Genera (5)

A

Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus

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23
Q

what genus lacks a cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

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24
Q

Rickettsia and Chlamydia genus are gram + or -

A

gram -

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25
Q

Haemophilus is gram - or +

A

gram +

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26
Q

Haemophilus is what shape and arrangment

A

cocobacillus

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27
Q

bacteria function as independent single-celled _____ organisms

A

unicellular

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28
Q

whats biofilms

A

unicellular bacteria that act as a group are called colonies

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29
Q

what do nanotubes allow bacteria to do

A

some bacteria communicate through

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30
Q

baceteria have an average size of

A

1um (micron)

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31
Q

1 um = ? mm

A

1000 Um = 1 mm so 1um = .001 mm

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32
Q

cocci have a circumference of

A

1um

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33
Q

rods have a length of ___ and width of ___

A

length = 2um and width = 1um

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34
Q

example of pleomorphism

A

if left in incubator too long, used up all nutrients, cells would start to look different, change

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35
Q

variations in cell wall structure caused by slight genetic or nutritional diffrences

A

pleomorphism

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36
Q

If the cell is spherical or ball-shaped, the bacterium is called :

A

coccus/cocci

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37
Q

staphy refers to arrangment

A

clusters, also a genus

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38
Q

A cell that is cylindrical is termed

A

rod or bacillus

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39
Q

T/F bacillus is only a cellular shape

A

No also a genus Bacillus

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40
Q

T/f staphy is also a genus

A

True : Staphy

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41
Q

T/F Rods are not varied in their forms.

A

False: very varied based on species, blocked, sindle-shaped, round-ended, long adn thredlike (filamentous) or club shaped, drumstick - shaped

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42
Q

what are bacillus that are short and plump called?

A

coccobacillus

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43
Q

What bacterium is this and what is it called shape wise

A

cocobacillus - Legionella pneumophila

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44
Q

A bacterium having slightly curled or spiral shaped, corkscrew body is called

A

Spirillum

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45
Q

what bacterium is this and shape

A

spirillum, Campylobacter jejuni, usually found in aquatic environments, also human pathogen

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46
Q

what bacterium is this and shape

A

vibrio shape, called: Vibrio vulnificus, (gram -)

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47
Q

what bacterium is this and shape

A

spirochete, corkscrew shape
bacteria: spirochetes (gram -)

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48
Q

what gram is vulnificus

A

gram -

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49
Q

what gram is spirochete

A

gram -

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50
Q

what shape is vibrio

A

curved rod

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51
Q
A
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52
Q

what shape is spirochete

A

corkscrew

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53
Q

difference between spirillum and spirochete?

A

spirillum:
shape - rigid, corkscew
flexibility - stiff
movement - move with flagella at both ends

Spirochete:
shape- spiral but thinner and longer
flexibilit - super flexible
movement: move using periplasmic flagella

54
Q

bacteria that produce multiple branches off a basic rod structure are called

A

filaments

55
Q

What bacteria and shape is this

A

Streptomyces (gram +) shape: filament

56
Q

diplococci

A

pairs

57
Q

tetrads

A

groups of 4

58
Q

streptococci

A

chain

58
Q

staphylococci or micrococci

A

irregular clusters (grape like)

59
Q

sarcina

A

cubal packet of 8, 16 or more

60
Q

what are these bacterial arrangments

A

diplococci and streptococci

61
Q

what bacterial arrangments

A

Tetrads and sarcina

62
Q

what bacterial arrangment

A

staphylococci

63
Q

bacterial shape and arrangement

A

bacilli and palisades: cells of a chain remain partially attached by small hinge region at ends

64
Q

Corynebacterium is what shape and arrangement

A

bacilli and palisades

65
Q

whats palisades arrangement

A

cells of a chain remain partially attached by small hinge region at ends

66
Q

Corynebacterium is what gram + -

A

gram +

67
Q

Which of the following are possessed by some but not all prokaryotes?
A. Ribosomes
B. Cell membrane
C. one or more chromosomes
D. Flagella

A

Flagella

68
Q

T/F spirilla are always found in short chains

A

false, occasionally

69
Q

T/F spirochetes rarely remain attached after cell division

A

true

70
Q

____ have an internal flagellum called endo or periplasmic flagelum

A

spirochetes

71
Q

what is a polar arrangement of flagella?

A

Flagella attached at one or both ends of the cell

72
Q

monotrichous (flagella arrangment)

A

(polar arrangement) one single flagellum

73
Q

Lophotrichous (flagella arrangment)

A

(polar arrangement) small bunches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site

74
Q

amphitrichous (flagella arrangment)

A

(polar arrangement) flagella at both poles of the cell

75
Q

Peritrichous (flagella arrangment)

A

flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

76
Q

atrichous(flagella arrangment)

A

absence of flagella

77
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement of bacteria in response to chemical signals

78
Q

Negative chemotaxis

A

movement away from a reppelant

79
Q

positivie chemotaxis

A

movement toward favorable chemical stimulus

80
Q

Run

A

roation of flagellum counterclockwise, resulting in a smooth linear direction

81
Q

tumble

A

reversal of the direction of the flagellum causing the cell to stop and change course

82
Q

label the flagellar arrangements

A

monotrichous (single flagellum)

83
Q

label the flagellar arrangements

A

peritritous

84
Q

label the flagellar arrangements

A

Peri (flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell)

85
Q

label the flagellar arrangements

A

Amphitrichous (flagella at both poles of the cell

86
Q

t/f eukaryotic cells are also capable of rotating flagella clockwise or counter

A

false, completely different structure

87
Q

Fimbria

A

small, bristle like fibers sprouting off the surface of many bacterial cells

allow tight adhesion between fimbrae adn epithelial cells allowing bacterial to colonize and infect host (stick and adhere)

88
Q

photo of

A

fimbria (stick adn adhere with tiny bristle like fibers)

89
Q

Pilus/pili

A

can act as aconduite to transfer genes from bacteria cells to another

90
Q

what type of pilus can transfer genetic material, act like fimbriae adn assist in attachment as well as make a bacterium motile?

A

Type IV pilus

91
Q

_____ is used in conjugation between bacterial cells

A

pilus/pili

92
Q

pilus and pili are well characterized in gram _ bacteria. Why is this?

A

gram negative bacteria, pilli often attach to outter membrane

93
Q

very long, thing tubular extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

nanotubes

94
Q

nanotubes are used to

A

transfer amino acids, DNA nutrients between cells or to harvest energy by shuttling electrons

95
Q

Conjugating process: _____ are longer than fimbriae bristles, the bacterial cell makes ____ and shoots it out to dock station of same species sends over some genetic material to recipient cell

A

pili

96
Q

Where is the S layer in gram + vs gram -

A

in gram + it is cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, s layer, glycocalyx,

in gram - it is cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, outter membrane, s layer, glycocalyx

97
Q

whats an s layer

A

Single layers of thousands of copies of a single protein linked together like tiny chain link fences
Only produced when bacteria are in a hostile environment

98
Q

glycocalyx made of

A

Coating of repeating polysaccharide or glycoprotein units
- sugar coating
(slime layer and capsule)

99
Q

slime layer

A

loose, protects against loss of water and nutrients ,can make it more difficult to be ingested but not the same as a capsule

100
Q

capsule

A

loose, protects against loss of water and nutrients

101
Q

two types of glycocalyx

A

slime layer and capsule

102
Q

image of encapsulated bacteria using ____ stain and ____ stain to show capsule

A

gram + and gram -

103
Q

when you look at colonies that have mucoid or sticky texture they are called ____ _____ and usually capsulated cells.

A

smooth colonies. Other wise they are rough colonies and no capsule.

104
Q

why have a glycocalyx

A
  • assists in adhesion adn formation of biofilms
  • keeps in nutrients and water
  • protects from immune system greater pathogenic ability
105
Q

explain the relationship between glycocalyx and biofilms

A

The glycocalyx contributes to the formation of biofilms by providing a protective and adhesive layer, helping microorganisms stick to surfaces and to each other. So while biofilms contain glycocalyx materials, they are broader structures formed by communities of cells rather than just a singular glycocalyx layer.

106
Q

example of biofilms

A

plaque on teeth, protect bacteria from becoming dislodged,

resposible for persistent colonization of plastic catheters, IUDs, adn other implanted medial devices

107
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an example of ____ bacterial pathogen

A

encapsulated
gram +
streptococcus

108
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

encapsulated pathogen
gram negative
rod

109
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

encapsulated pathogen
Gram negative
coccobacillus

110
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

encapsulated pathogen
Gram negative
rod

111
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

encapsulated pathogen
Gram negative
diplococcus
(gohnorea)

112
Q

explain the steps of biofilm formation

A
113
Q

what is included in the cell envelope?

A

Everything that lies outside of the cytoplasm (cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, outer membrane (some))

composed of two or three basic layers that each perform a distinct function but together act as a single protective unit

114
Q

what is a gram + cell

A

thick peptidoglycan layer no outer cell membrane (gram +, holds purple dye)

115
Q

what is a gram - cell

A

thin peptidoglycan layer, has outer cell membrane (gram -, does not hold purple, counter dye dye shows pink)

116
Q

_____ _____ helps determine the shape of a bacterium

A

cell wall

117
Q

____ provides structueral support to keep the bacterium from bursing or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure

A

cell wall

118
Q

certain drugs target the ____ disrupting its integrity and causing cell ____ (rupture of the cell )

A

cell wall, lysis

119
Q

cell wall gains rigidity from ___

A

peptidoglycan

120
Q

pepridoglycan is composed of repeating frame work of long ___ chains cross-linked by short ____ fragments

A

glycan(sugar) chains, peptide(protein).

121
Q

penacyline knocks ut enzymes that connect glycines together in ____ causing cell to lyse.

A

peptoglycan cell wall causign cell to lyse

122
Q

whats the thickness fo gram + cell wall

A

20-80 nm thick

123
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124
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Microscope_lab (13 decks)

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