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Microscope_lab > chapter1 > Flashcards

chapter1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are polysaccharides made from

A

Monomer sugars

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2
Q

What do polysaccharides do?

A

Provide structural support & energy

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3
Q

______, a polymer of galactose and sulfur-containing carbohydrates derived from seaweeds, is commonly used in the laboratory to prepare solid culture media.

A

Agar

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4
Q

what poly saccharide is the most common and important hexose?

A

glucose

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5
Q

Table sugar, common sugar is called

A

sucrose

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6
Q

monosaccharides and dissachrides are named how?

A

by a characteristic of the sugar + ose (pentose, sucrose, etc)

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7
Q

what is agar classified as

A

a polysaccharide

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8
Q

whats a peptidoglycan made from

A

a class of compounds where polysaccharides (glycans) are linked to peptide fragments (short chain of amino acids).

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9
Q

what does a peptidoglycan do?

A

Provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell

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10
Q

Polysaccharides contribute or serve which of the following?
a. energy stores
b. protection
c. nutrient stores
d. structural support
e. toxins
f. directors of mitosis

A

a. energy stores
b. protections
c. nutrient stores
d. structural support

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11
Q

___ is a long fibrous polymer composed of glucose found in the cell walls of plants and algae

A

Cellulose

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12
Q

whats a lipopolysaccharide made from?

A

a complex of lipid and polysaccharide

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12
Q

whats a lipopolysaccharide responsible for symptoms of?

A

fever and shock

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13
Q

t/f a lipopolysaccharide is a combination of phospholipids and proteins that reinforces the cell membrane.

A

F. it is a molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate (polysaccharides) found in the gram-negative cell wall

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14
Q

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes are classified as
_____ , nonpolar hydrophobic macromolecules.

A

lipids

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15
Q

A compound in which polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments that provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall is Blank______.

A

peptidoglycan

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16
Q

what are the four main types of lipids?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

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17
Q

what is a storage lipid

A

triglycerides

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18
Q

whats a glycocalyx

A

The outter surfacce of many bacteria cells has a “sugar coating” composed of polysaccharides bound various ways to proteins (this combination is termed glycoprotein)This structure, called the glycocalx serves as protective outter layer and also plays a role in attachment of the cells to other cells or surfaces

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19
Q

what role does the glycocalyx play

A

protective outter layer and also plays a role in attachment of the cells to other cells or surfaces

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20
Q

glycocalyx vs glycoproteins

A

In summary, glycoproteins are individual molecules with carbohydrate attachments playing various roles in cell function, while the glycocalyx is a broader structure on the cell surface composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids, serving protective and adhesive functions.

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21
Q

______ provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall.

A

peptidoglycan

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22
Q

A class of ring-shaped compounds that are commonly identified as animal hormones and cell membrane components in animals and fungi is the

A

steroids / sterols

23
Q

a long-chain hydrocarbon molecule with a carboxyl group at one end

A

Fatty acid

24
Q

The predominant organic macromolecules in cells that are responsible for their structure, behavior, and unique qualities are

A

Protein

25
Q

Various terms denote chains of amino acids based on the size of the chains. Put the terms protein, peptide, and polypeptide in order from smallest to largest

A

peptide, polypeptide, protein

26
Q

chains of amino acids compromise

A

proteins

27
Q

t/f : the term protein is often used to describe peptides and polypeptides

A

true

28
Q

what is a peptide used to describe

A

short chain of amino acids, dipeptide (two amino acids) tripeptide (three a.a) or tetrapeptide (4 a.a.)

29
Q

how many amino acid units are in a polypeptide?

A

usually more than 20 but unspecified, polypeptides are a subunit of proteins

30
Q

how many amino acid units are in a protein

A

minimum of 50

31
Q

What is the primary structure of protein?

A

the type, number and order of amino acids in the chain (varies greatly protein to protein)

32
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

2ndary arises when various functional groups (R-groups) exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds

Interaction causes the amino acid chain to twist into coiled configuration = alpha helix or to fold into an accordion pattern = beta pleated sheet.

Many proteins contain both types of secondary configurations

33
Q

explain tertiary structure

A

proeins at 2ndary level undergo a third degree of torsion, which is created by additional bonds between functional groups.

34
Q

explain quaternary structure

A

some complex proteins participate which mroe than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein.

35
Q

how many natural amino acids are there

A

20

36
Q

A protein biocatalyst for metabolic reactions in a cell is a(n)

A

enzyme

37
Q

The immune system produces complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that are called

A

antibodies

38
Q

what are antibodies categorized as

A

glycoproteins

39
Q

where is the genetic code for an organisms heredity contained?

A

DNA found in the neuclous of eukaryotes

40
Q

The molecule that represents a copy of DNA’s instructions, and that allows this information to be translated into protein, is

A

RNA

41
Q

Which type of immune system protein has specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms?

A

antibody

42
Q

The two strands of the DNA double helix are held to each other by Blank______ bonds.

A

hydrogen

43
Q

what are the components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group, Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

44
Q

DNA and RNA are composed of monomer units called

A

nucleotides

45
Q

DNA has a structure that is called

A

double helix

46
Q

what bonds are between the nitrogen bases of DNA

A

hydrogen

47
Q

what is the fundamental unit of life

A

cell

48
Q

membrane enclosed compartments that perform specific functions are found in ___ cells

A

Eukaryote (organelles)

49
Q

Classification, identification, nomenclature are the three primary concerns of ___ ____.

A

Modern Taxonomy

50
Q

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the ____ level of classificaiton

A

species

51
Q

The scheme that represents the natural relatedness (relation by descent) between groups of living beings is called their ____

A

phylogeny.

52
Q

The image shows three major groups of living things, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which are called

A

domains

53
Q

Which type of RNA, which is highly conserved among organisms, can be analyzed as a valuable indicator of evolutionary relatedness?

Multiple choice question.

A

ribosomal dna

53
Q
A

Microscope_lab (13 decks)

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