chapter1 Flashcards
What are polysaccharides made from
Monomer sugars
What do polysaccharides do?
Provide structural support & energy
______, a polymer of galactose and sulfur-containing carbohydrates derived from seaweeds, is commonly used in the laboratory to prepare solid culture media.
Agar
what poly saccharide is the most common and important hexose?
glucose
Table sugar, common sugar is called
sucrose
monosaccharides and dissachrides are named how?
by a characteristic of the sugar + ose (pentose, sucrose, etc)
what is agar classified as
a polysaccharide
whats a peptidoglycan made from
a class of compounds where polysaccharides (glycans) are linked to peptide fragments (short chain of amino acids).
what does a peptidoglycan do?
Provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell
Polysaccharides contribute or serve which of the following?
a. energy stores
b. protection
c. nutrient stores
d. structural support
e. toxins
f. directors of mitosis
a. energy stores
b. protections
c. nutrient stores
d. structural support
___ is a long fibrous polymer composed of glucose found in the cell walls of plants and algae
Cellulose
whats a lipopolysaccharide made from?
a complex of lipid and polysaccharide
whats a lipopolysaccharide responsible for symptoms of?
fever and shock
t/f a lipopolysaccharide is a combination of phospholipids and proteins that reinforces the cell membrane.
F. it is a molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate (polysaccharides) found in the gram-negative cell wall
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes are classified as
_____ , nonpolar hydrophobic macromolecules.
lipids
A compound in which polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments that provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall is Blank______.
peptidoglycan
what are the four main types of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
what is a storage lipid
triglycerides
whats a glycocalyx
The outter surfacce of many bacteria cells has a “sugar coating” composed of polysaccharides bound various ways to proteins (this combination is termed glycoprotein)This structure, called the glycocalx serves as protective outter layer and also plays a role in attachment of the cells to other cells or surfaces
what role does the glycocalyx play
protective outter layer and also plays a role in attachment of the cells to other cells or surfaces
glycocalyx vs glycoproteins
In summary, glycoproteins are individual molecules with carbohydrate attachments playing various roles in cell function, while the glycocalyx is a broader structure on the cell surface composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids, serving protective and adhesive functions.
______ provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall.
peptidoglycan
A class of ring-shaped compounds that are commonly identified as animal hormones and cell membrane components in animals and fungi is the
steroids / sterols
a long-chain hydrocarbon molecule with a carboxyl group at one end
Fatty acid
The predominant organic macromolecules in cells that are responsible for their structure, behavior, and unique qualities are
Protein
Various terms denote chains of amino acids based on the size of the chains. Put the terms protein, peptide, and polypeptide in order from smallest to largest
peptide, polypeptide, protein
chains of amino acids compromise
proteins
t/f : the term protein is often used to describe peptides and polypeptides
true
what is a peptide used to describe
short chain of amino acids, dipeptide (two amino acids) tripeptide (three a.a) or tetrapeptide (4 a.a.)
how many amino acid units are in a polypeptide?
usually more than 20 but unspecified, polypeptides are a subunit of proteins
how many amino acid units are in a protein
minimum of 50
What is the primary structure of protein?
the type, number and order of amino acids in the chain (varies greatly protein to protein)
what is the secondary structure of a protein?
2ndary arises when various functional groups (R-groups) exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds
Interaction causes the amino acid chain to twist into coiled configuration = alpha helix or to fold into an accordion pattern = beta pleated sheet.
Many proteins contain both types of secondary configurations
explain tertiary structure
proeins at 2ndary level undergo a third degree of torsion, which is created by additional bonds between functional groups.
explain quaternary structure
some complex proteins participate which mroe than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein.
how many natural amino acids are there
20
A protein biocatalyst for metabolic reactions in a cell is a(n)
enzyme
The immune system produces complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that are called
antibodies
what are antibodies categorized as
glycoproteins
where is the genetic code for an organisms heredity contained?
DNA found in the neuclous of eukaryotes
The molecule that represents a copy of DNA’s instructions, and that allows this information to be translated into protein, is
RNA
Which type of immune system protein has specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms?
antibody
The two strands of the DNA double helix are held to each other by Blank______ bonds.
hydrogen
what are the components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
DNA and RNA are composed of monomer units called
nucleotides
DNA has a structure that is called
double helix
what bonds are between the nitrogen bases of DNA
hydrogen
what is the fundamental unit of life
cell
membrane enclosed compartments that perform specific functions are found in ___ cells
Eukaryote (organelles)
Classification, identification, nomenclature are the three primary concerns of ___ ____.
Modern Taxonomy
For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the ____ level of classificaiton
species
The scheme that represents the natural relatedness (relation by descent) between groups of living beings is called their ____
phylogeny.
The image shows three major groups of living things, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which are called
domains
Which type of RNA, which is highly conserved among organisms, can be analyzed as a valuable indicator of evolutionary relatedness?
Multiple choice question.
ribosomal dna
