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Microscope_lab > chapter 3 (a) > Flashcards

chapter 3 (a) Flashcards

1
Q

axial filament is another term for

A

endoflagellum

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2
Q

A periplasmic flagellum found in some spirochete bacteria is called a(n)
____ filament.

A

axial

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3
Q

Which appendages provide attachment points or channels, rather than motility? More than one answer may be correct.

a. flagella

b. axial filaments

c. pili

d. fimbriae
e. nanotubes

A

c, d, e

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4
Q

describe peptidoglycan structure

A
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5
Q

in gram positive cells: what two acids do peptidoglycan contain?

A

Contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

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6
Q

what do teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid do

A
  • Function in cell wall maintenance and enlargement
  • Contribute to the acidic charge on the cell surface

in gram positive cells

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7
Q

in gram -negative cell walls how thick is the peptidoglycan layer ?

A

1 - 3mm

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8
Q

steps in a gram stain?

A
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9
Q

t/f only some bacterial cells can be gram stained

A

MOST ALL BACTERIA because most all have a cell wall

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10
Q

what is the most important stain

A

gram stain, most all bacteria can be stained because they contain a cell wall

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11
Q

Mycobacterium and Norcardia are examples of

A

acid fast bacteria

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12
Q

contain peptidoglycan and stain gram-positive, but bulk of cell wall is composed of unique lipids

A

acid fast bacteria Mycobacterium and Norcardia

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13
Q

where is Mycolic acid found

A

Found in the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria

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14
Q

what is Mycolic acid

A

Very-long-chain fatty acid

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15
Q

what does mycolic acid do

A

Makes bacteria highly resistant to certain chemicals and dyes and contributes to the pathogenicity of bacteria

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16
Q

Exhibit unusual adn chemially distinct cell walls

A

Archaea

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17
Q

some ______ have cell walls composed entirely of polysaccharides others have cell walls made of pure protein

A

archaea

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18
Q

____ lack true peptidoglucan structure

A

archaea cell wall

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19
Q

T/F ALL archea have a cell wall

A

some lack a cell wall entirely

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20
Q

T/F Mycobacterium adn Norcardia stain gram negative

A

False, they contain pepidoglycan and stain gram + but bulk of cell wall is compose of unique lipids (mycolic acid)

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21
Q

genus that naturally lack a cell wall

A

Mycoplasmas

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22
Q

sterols in this genus cell membrane stabilize the cell against lysis

A

Mycoplasmas ( no cell wall)

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23
Q

L forms

A

some bacteria that naturally have a cell wall but lose it during part of life cycle due to mutiations etc

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24
Q

t/f L forms play in a role in resistant antibiotics

A

true, role in persistent infections, no cell wall to kill

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25
Q

walking pneumonia is called

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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26
Q

in gram negative cells, the outer membrane is similar to other membranes except it contains specialized polysaccharides and proteins caled _____ and ______

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Porin proteins

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27
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS):

A

Signaling molecules and receptors
Endotoxin, lipid “A” find its eway to receptor cites that causes vaso dialation adn hypotension , also inflammation and feaver.

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28
Q

porin proteins

A

Special membrane channels that only the outer membrane allows certain chemicals to penetrate

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29
Q

controls what enters and exits cell and also in baceria resposible for energy production

A

cytoplasmic membrane structure

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30
Q

cytoplasmic membrane structure is a lipid by layer with proteins embedded serves as a site for (4)

A

energy reactions
nutrient processing
synthesis
regulates transport of nutrients and wastes

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31
Q

__________ is selectively permeable : special carrier machanisms for passage of most molecules.

A
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32
Q

(surrounds cell membrane, space between cytopalsmic membrane adn cell wall where many metablic functons occur. produces ATP and other functions

A

periplasmic space

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33
Q

gram positive bacteria is harder to kill than gram negative

A

false. gram - negative is harder to kill because extra membrane

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34
Q

t/fanything with lipid alcohol can kill gram negative

A

true. extra membrane to get through. need to be able to cross extra membrane to lyse (antibiotics)

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35
Q

alcohol swabs used to cleanse the skin before certain medical proceudres are abel to kill gram _____ bacteria

A

negative (disrupts outer membane).

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36
Q

treatment of infections cause by gram negative bacteria require drugs that can ____

A

cross the outer membrane.

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37
Q

the cytoplasm is ______% water

A

70-80% mostly cytosol.

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38
Q

the cytoplasm is made up of

A

sugars, amino acids, salts

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39
Q

The hereditary material of most bacteria exists in the

A

bacterial chromosome

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40
Q

DNA is aggregated in the

A

nucleoid

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41
Q

Nonessential pieces of DNA

A

Plasmids

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42
Q

Confer protective traits such as drug resistance and toxin and enzyme production, non essential but very benefitical for organism. code for drug resistance, chances to survive in different envionrmnt.

A

Plasmids

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43
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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44
Q

Composed of rRNA (___%) and protein (_____%)

A

ribosomes ____ 60% rRNA , 40% protein

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45
Q

Consist of a large and small subunit ______ what sizes are each

A

ribosome, 30s (small) 50s (large)

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46
Q

ribosomes large and small subunit together equal _S

A

70s

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47
Q

Prokaryotic ribosome: ____S
Eukaryotic ribosome: _____S

A

Prokaryotic ribosome: 70S
Eukaryotic ribosome: 80S

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48
Q

Inclusion Bodies Used for (3)

A

Used for food storage
Pack gas into vesicles for buoyancy
Store crystals of iron oxide with magnetic properties

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49
Q

Bacterial microcompartments used for:

A

Packed full of enzymes designed to work together in biochemical pathways

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50
Q

Inclusion Bodies made from

A

polyphosphates or glycogen

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51
Q

microcompartments

A

protein structure that contains enzymes

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52
Q

cytoskeleton is in every bacterial cell

A

false

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53
Q

cytoskeleton is made from

A

long polymers of protein similar to eukaryotic cells for teh cytoskeleton

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54
Q

cytoskeleton is arranged in

A

helical ribbons around the cell

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55
Q

t/f archaea have no cytoskeleton

A

false - have been identified in archaea

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56
Q

t/f cytoskeleton is unique to non-eukaryotic cells,

A

true. potentially a target for antibiotic development.

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57
Q

dormant bodies of a bacterial cell

A

endospore

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58
Q

three genuses that produce endospores

A

Bacillus, Clostridium, and Sporosarcina

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59
Q

a metabolically active cell

A

vegetative cell

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60
Q

sporulation is induced by

A

environmental conditions

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61
Q

t/f Endospores resist extremes of heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals that would kill vegetative cells

A

true

62
Q

Calcium and dipicolinic acid
are important parts of

A

endospores The presence of calcium and dipicolinic acid in endospores is vital for their resistance to environmental stresses and their ability to survive in harsh conditions. T

63
Q

all hae in common: Bacillus anthracis: agent of anthrax
Clostridium tetani: cause of tetanus
Clostridium perfringens: cause of gas gangrene
Clostridium botulinum: cause of botulism
Clostridium difficile: “C. diff,” a serious gastrointestinal disease

A

ability to make endospores

64
Q

agent of anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

65
Q

cause of tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

66
Q

cause of gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringens

67
Q

cause of botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

68
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

“C. diff,” a serious gastrointestinal disease

69
Q

Compare and contrast the major features of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.

A

Cell Type
Archaea: Prokaryotic (lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).
Bacteria: Prokaryotic.
Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic (have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).
2. Cell Structure
Archaea:
Cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan; they may contain pseudopeptidoglycan or other polymers.
Membranes often have ether-linked lipids, which are more stable in extreme environments.
Bacteria:
Cell walls typically contain peptidoglycan.
Membranes have ester-linked lipids.
Eukaryotes:
Cell walls (if present, e.g., in plants and fungi) contain cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi); animal cells do not have cell walls.
Membranes have ester-linked lipids.
3. Genetic Material
Archaea: Circular DNA, similar to bacteria, but with histone proteins associated with the DNA.
Bacteria: Circular DNA, usually a single chromosome, with no histones.
Eukaryotes: Linear DNA organized into multiple chromosomes, associated with histones.
4. Reproduction
Archaea: Asexual reproduction primarily through binary fission; some can also reproduce by budding.
Bacteria: Asexual reproduction mainly by binary fission; can exchange genetic material through horizontal gene transfer (transformation, transduction, conjugation).
Eukaryotes: Reproduce asexually (mitosis) and sexually (meiosis).
5. Size
Archaea: Generally similar in size to bacteria, typically 0.1 to 15 micrometers.
Bacteria: Usually range from 0.2 to 10 micrometers.
Eukaryotes: Generally larger, typically 10 to 100 micrometers (or larger in multicellular organisms).
6. Metabolism
Archaea: Diverse metabolic pathways; some are extremophiles (thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens).
Bacteria: Diverse metabolism, including aerobic, anaerobic, phototrophic, and chemotrophic processes.
Eukaryotes: Generally more complex metabolic processes; can be autotrophic (plants) or heterotrophic (animals, fungi).
7. Habitat
Archaea: Often found in extreme environments (hot springs, salt lakes), but also in more common habitats.
Bacteria: Ubiquitous; found in diverse environments, including soil, water, and within organisms.
Eukaryotes: Found in a wide range of habitats; includes unicellular (protists) and multicellular organisms (plants, animals, fungi).

70
Q

t/f archea are more closely related to bacteria than eukarya

A

false - more closely related to eukarya, share rRNA sequences not found in bacteria, protein synthesis and ribosomal subunit structures are similar.

71
Q

2 ways Archaea adn Eukarya are more similar than bacteria

A

share rRNA sequences not found in bacteria, protein synthesis and ribosomal subunit structures are similar

72
Q

t/f archaea have an entirely unique sequences in rRNA

A

TRUE

73
Q

t/f archaea and eukarya have the same mehtod of DNA compaction

A

FALSE- eukarya have a novel method of DNA compaction

74
Q

T/F archaea contain unqiue membrane lipids, cell wall components and pilin proteins

A

TRUE

75
Q

archaea are known as

A

extremophiles - extremely high or low temp, exremely high salt or acid concentrations, live on sulfur or methane,

76
Q

some extremophiles live on teh human body and may be capable of disease

A

TRUE

77
Q
A
78
Q

Which of the following do members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea both possess?
A. Linear DNA
B. Nucleus
C. 70S ribosomes
D. Fatty acids with ether linkages

A

C. 70S ribosomes

Explanation:
A. Linear DNA: This is not correct, as both domains typically have circular DNA.
B. Nucleus: Neither bacteria nor archaea have a true nucleus; they are both prokaryotic.
C. 70S ribosomes: Correct, as both bacteria and archaea have 70S ribosomes, which are smaller than the 80S ribosomes found in eukaryotes.
D. Fatty acids with ether linkages: This is characteristic of archaea, but bacteria have fatty acids with ester linkages.

79
Q

Comprehensive view of bacterial and archaeal (prokaryote) relatedness
Based on rRNA sequencing (Genomic sequencing)

A

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology:

80
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology:

A

Categorizes organisms based on traits commonly assayed in clinical, teaching, and research labs such as shape as seen in a microscope, or metabolic capabilities (what they need to grow)

81
Q

Four major divisions of bacteria and archaea based on the nature of the cell wall:

A

Gracilicutes
Firmicutes
Tenericutes
Mendosicutes

82
Q

Gracilicutes:

A

gram-negative with thin cell walls

83
Q

Tenericutes

A

lack a cell wall and are soft

84
Q

Firmicutes

A

gram-positive with thick, strong cell walls

85
Q

Mendosicutes:

A

primitive cells with unusual cell walls and nutritional habits

86
Q

a __________ Should share at least 95% of their genes as matches

A

bacterial species

87
Q

A collection of bacterial cells, all of which share an overall similar pattern of traits

A

bacterial species

88
Q

Subspecies, strain, or type:

A

Bacteria of the same species that have differing characteristics

89
Q

Representatives of a species that stimulate a distinct pattern of antibody (serum) responses because of unique surface molecules

A

Serotype:

90
Q

You identify a bacterium as gram negative using the Gram-stain method. In Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, this bacterium belongs to the _____.
A. gracilicutes
B. firmicutes
C. tenericutes
D. mendosicutes

A

A

91
Q

The bacterial flagellum moves by Blank______.

a. expanding and contracting
b. rotating 360°
c. undulating back and forth

A

b

92
Q

All of these appendages provide motility to bacteria except Blank______ and Blank______.

Multiple select question.

a. fimbriae

b. flagella

c. axial filaments

d. nanowires

A

a, d

93
Q

The ability to move through self-propulsion is referred to as Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

a. adhesion

b. conjugation

c. mobility

d. motility

e. bioremediation

A

d. MOTILITY

94
Q

Which three structures comprise a bacterial flagellum?

Multiple select question.

filament

periplasmic space

basal body

centrioles

hook

A

hook, filament, basal body

95
Q

To determine whether bacterial cells are motile, they can be observed microscopically in a _____ drop slide.

A

hanging

96
Q

Movement of the bacterial flagellum involves 360 rotation of two flagellar parts: the ___ and ____

A

hook and filament,

97
Q

Counterclockwise rotation of the flagellum causes a bacterial cell to swim or Blank______ toward a stimulus, interrupted by clockwise rotation in which the cell Blank______ and changes its course.

A

run, tumbles

98
Q
A
99
Q

what is the space between the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane?

A

periplasmic space

100
Q

internal flagellum enclosed in the periplasmic space

A

internal flagellum - periplasmic flagella, axial filaments

101
Q

The ability of a cell to move or self-propel through an aqueous environment is known as

A

motility, locomotion, or self-propulsion

102
Q

The bacterial cellular appendages responsible for the mutual clinging of cells that lead to biofilm formation are Blank______.

A

fimbriae

103
Q

conjugation

A

transfer of genes from cell to cell (mating)

104
Q

pili conjugation only occurs in ____ cells

A

gram negative cells

105
Q

t/f conjugation does not occur in gram + cells

A

false - conjugation occurs but not pilus conjugation

106
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

an extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell

107
Q

To protect the cell from dehydration and loss of nutrients, some bacteria are covered with a loose shield called a

A

slime layer

108
Q

Nanotubes or nanowires are long extensions of the Blank______ that bacteria use as channels to transfer nutrients or electrons.

A

cytoplasmic membran

109
Q

The colonization of nonliving materials like catheters, intrauterine devices, and metal pacemakers is the result of which bacterial structure?

Multiple choice question.

a. S layer

b. flagella

c. peptidoglycan

d. glycocalyx

A

d

110
Q

t/f Bacteria that produce an S layer do so only when they are in a hostile environment.

A

true - Bacteria do not produce an S layer unless it is needed for protection.

111
Q

The cell envelope is composed of the cytoplasmic ____ and the ____ and in some bacteria _____

A

cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall and outer membrane

112
Q

t/f the glycogalyx surrounds the cell envelope

A

true

113
Q

The structure that determines the shape of a bacterium and protects the cell from damage due to changes in osmotic pressure is the cell
__

A

wall

114
Q

Streptococci in the mouth can produce a surface slime that permits attachment to teeth and results in the formation of Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

plaque

correct

cold sores

cavities

A

plaque - Cavities are the ultimate result of plaque formation, but the surface slime promotes the formation of plaque.

115
Q

The glycocalyx is important in the ability of bacteria to cause infection because it Blank______. More than one answer may be correct.

Multiple select question.

a. promotes genetic transfer

b. allows for the formation of biofilms

c. allows the bacteria to adhere well to medical devices

d. allows the bacteria to move easily through the bloodstream

A

b,c

116
Q

Peptidoglycan is composed of long glycan chains cross-linked by Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

monosaccharides

peptide fragments

crystal violet

disulfide bonds

A

peptide fragments

117
Q

Peptidoglycan is a component of the cell wall in Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

a. bacteria

b. archaea

c. protozoans

d. fungi

A

a

118
Q

Antibiotics of the penicillin class target the peptide cross-links in the
of the cell wall, causing it to disintegrate.

A

peptidoglycan

119
Q

Which of the following are components of peptidoglycan? More than one answer may be correct.

Multiple select question.

a. short peptides

b. phospholipids

c. circular RNA

d. single-stranded DNA

e. sugar chains

f. monosaccharides

A

a,e

120
Q

Tears and saliva contain an enzyme called
_____
that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycan chains in peptidoglycan.

A

lysozyme , antibacterial enzyme that stops bacteria in water in our bodies

121
Q

Antibiotics of the Blank______ class act on peptidoglycan, so that the cell wall is compromised and the cell will lyse.

Multiple choice question.

erythromycin

penicillin

tetracycline

fluoroquinoline

A

penicillin

122
Q

Peptidoglycan is composed of long glycan chains cross-linked by Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

peptide fragments

monosaccharides

crystal violet

disulfide bonds

peptide fragments

A

peptide fragments

123
Q

Which is the correct order of the four reagents of the Gram stain?

Multiple choice question.

crystal violet, alcohol, Gram’s iodine, safranin

Reason: Incorrect. Crystal violet is the initial or primary stain, followed by iodine, which “fixes” the CV in the cell. Gram negatives are then “decolorized” by alcohol and counter-stained with safranin.

Gram’s iodine, crystal violet, alcohol, safranin

Gram’s iodine follows crystal violet, as it “fixes” the CV in the cell.

crystal violet, Gram’s iodine, alcohol, safranin

correct

safranin, crystal violet, alcohol, Gram’s iodine

A

crystal violet, Gram’s iodine, alcohol, safranin

124
Q

all bacteria contain a cell _____ but not all bacteria have a cell___

A

membrane, wall

125
Q

Which staining technique allows differentiation of mycobacterial cells?

Multiple choice question.

negative stain

capsular stain

Gram stain

acid-fast stain

A

acid fast ( no cell wall)

126
Q

Archaeal cell walls Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

may be made of polysaccharide or protein

have only thin protein coats like animal cell walls

contain cellulose like plant cell walls

contain peptidoglycan like bacterial cell walls

A

may be made of polysaccharide or protein

127
Q

The Blank______ bacteria have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.

Multiple choice question.

A

mycoplasma

128
Q

another word for cell membrane

A

cytoplasmic membrane

129
Q

what is the cytoplasmic membrane made up from?

A

phospholipids (lipids) 30-40% and proteins (60%-70%)

it is a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded.

130
Q

explain the realtionship of Mycobacterium and Norcardia and gram staining

A

cell walls of these contain peptidoglycan and will stain gram -positive but the bulk o fcell wall is composed of lipids (one is called mycolic acid - contributes to pathogenicity of this group) thick waxy nature means thy are resistant to chemicals and dyes and instead acid fast stian (used to diagnose tuberculosis and leprosy

131
Q

acid fast stain is used to diagnose _____ and ____

A

tuberculosis and leporsy

132
Q

t/f No archeal cells have peptidoglycan cell walls

A

true- only bacteria

133
Q

Which is more impervious to the action of antimicrobial chemicals?

Multiple choice question.

typical gram-negative bacteria

typical gram-positive bacteria

A

typical gram-negative. outer membrane contrinutes extra barrier making them resistant to some antimicrobial checmicals

134
Q

The hereditary material of a typical bacterial cell is a single, circular molecule of DNA known as the bacterial____which is aggregated in the nucleoid.

A

chromosome

135
Q

the bacterial chromosome is a long molecule of_____ stranded DNA that is formed into a ___ with no loose ends

A

double, circle

136
Q

Plasmids typically carry which of the following genes? More than one answer is correct.

Multiple select question.

a. Nonessential

b. essential

c. Antibiotic resistance

d. Required

A

a, c

137
Q

the____ _____ is an extremely long molecule of ____ stranded DNA that is tightly coiled around special basic ____ molecules so as to fit inside the cell

A

bacterial chromosome,
double
protein

138
Q

chains of ribosomes are called

A

polysomes

139
Q

the primary function of bacterial endospores?

reproduction
dispersal
survival

A

survival

140
Q

ribosomes are formed by a combination of two components _____ and ______.

A

rRNA and proteins

141
Q

Where are the bacterial ribosomes located? More than one answer may be correct.

Multiple select question.

a. attached to the cytoplasmic membrane

b. attached to the outer membrane

c. in the cytoplasm

d. in the periplasm

A

a, c,

show up as specks dispersed throughout cytoplasm and on cytoplasmic membrane. they are 60%rRNA (RNA) and 40%protein

142
Q

whats process of endospore formation called

A

sporulation

143
Q

arrow is pointing to?

a chromosome
b. endospore
c. microcompartment

A

b. endospore

144
Q

The two phases of the life cycle of bacteria in the genera Bacillus, Clostridium, and Sporosarcina are Blank______ and Blank______.

Multiple select question.

vegetative cells

gram-negative

gram-positive

archaea

endospores

A

vegetative and endospore

145
Q

three bacteria genus that create endospores

A

Bacillus, Clostridium, and Sporosarcina

146
Q

Archaea that are adapted to growth at very low temperatures are called Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

methanogens

halophilic

psychrophilic

hyperthermophilic

A

psychrophilic

147
Q

A type of extremophile that is able to flourish at high temperatures, such as those found in thermal heat vents and volcanic waters, is called a

A

hyperthermophile

148
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology classifies bacteria into taxonomic divisions such as the Gracilicutes and Firmicutes based on the nature of the cellular structure known as the
.

A

cell wall

149
Q

Why is it difficult to group bacteria into species? More than one answer may be correct.

Multiple select question.

a. Bacteria are not alive and are not cells.

b. Bacterial cells can accept genetic material from other, sometimes unrelated cells.

c. Bacteria do not use a typical mode of sexual reproduction.

d. Bacteria can hybridize, thus making the definition of a species difficult or impossible.

e. Bacteria can alter their genetic makeup.

A

Bacterial cells can accept genetic material from other, sometimes unrelated cells.

Bacteria do not use a typical mode of sexual reproduction.

Bacteria can alter their genetic makeup.

bacteria cant hybridize, its a characterization of sexually reproducing organisms

150
Q

The nature of which structure is used in the Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology to divide bacteria and archaea into four major divisions?

Multiple choice question.

cell wall

DNA composition

type of ATP production

biochemical pathways

A

cell wall

151
Q

A collection of bacterial cells, all of which share an overall similar pattern of traits, in contrast to other groups whose patterns differ significantly is called a bacterial ____

A

species

152
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Blank______ Bacteriology is used by microbiologists whose primary interest is identification of prokaryotes, while Bergey’s Manual of Blank______ Bacteriology is used by those who are also interested in the evolutionary relationships of prokaryotes.

A

Determinative, Systemic

Microscope_lab (13 decks)

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