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Microscope_lab > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

1
Q

five i’s of microbology

A

inoculation
incubation
isolation
inspection
identification

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2
Q

to culture something means

A

to grow organisms

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3
Q

medium

A

nutrients for the growth of microbes

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4
Q

inoculum

A

a small sample of microbes

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5
Q

inoculation

A

the introduction of an inoculum into media to culture microbes

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6
Q

where are clinical specimens obtained form

A

bodily fluids, discharges, diseased tissues, anatomical sites

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7
Q

whats an incubator?

A

a temperature controlled chamber to encourage the multiplication of microbes

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8
Q

what temperatures are used in lab propagation of micro organisms

A

20-45 c or 68-113 F

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9
Q

atmospheric gases such as ___ or ____ may be required for the growth of certain microbes

A

oxygen or carbon dioxide

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10
Q

t/f after incubation you still can macroscopically see any growth

A

FALSE you can see with plain eye

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11
Q

3 states of media are

A

physical state ( solid, liquid)

Chemical Composition (Defined/Synthetic, Complex)

Functional Type

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12
Q

what are the three physical states of media

A

liquid
semi solid
solid (soil that can be converted to liquid + solid that can not)

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13
Q

agar is made from

A

a complex polysaccharide isolated from Gelidium

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14
Q

t/f agar is solid at room temperature

A

true

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15
Q

what temperature does agar liquidify

A

100 C or 212F

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16
Q

what temperature does it solidify

A

42c (107.6F)

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17
Q

___ medium is flexible and moldible

A

agar

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18
Q

t/f agar is digestible for most microorganisms

A

false

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19
Q

whats a defined/synthetic media

A

composition is precisely chemically defined
contains pure organic and inorganic compounds that vary little
molecular content is exact, exact formula

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20
Q

what is complex media

A

one or more components is not chemically defined
contains extracts of animals, plants or yeasts
ex. blood, serum, meat extracts or infusion, milk yeast peptone

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21
Q

whts teh opposite of complex media

A

defined/synthetic

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22
Q

a media to grow a broat spectrum of microbes is a _____

A

broad spectrum media

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23
Q

t/f broad spectrum media are synthetic/defined

A

false. complex

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24
Q

enriched media is an example of _____ media

A

complex

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25
Q

enriched media contains complex organic substances (blood, serum, hemoglobin) or special growth factors for the growth of ______ microbes

A

fastidious

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26
Q

what type of media is used in the laboratory to encourage growth of pathogens present in low numbers

A

enriched media

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27
Q

_____ contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of a certain microbe of microbes and favoring the growth of desired ones

A

selective media

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28
Q

a ____ media is important in isolation of a specific type of microorganism from a sample containing dozens of different species

A

selective

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29
Q

is MacConkey Agar a selective or differential media

A

BOTH

Selective:
MacConkey Agar selects for Gram negative enterics (bacteria in intestinal track) (E.coli)

Differential: The medium provides lactose and a pH indicator, allowing for differentiation; lactose fermenters produce acid, resulting in phenol red turning pink colonies, while non-fermenters remain colorless.

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30
Q

how is SIM Sulfur Indole Motility (SIM) a differential media

A

Sulfur Indole Motility (SIM) medium is differential because it allows for the identification of bacteria based on three characteristics:

Sulfur Reduction: Some bacteria can reduce sulfur to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), which reacts with iron salts in the medium to form a black precipitate. This indicates sulfur reduction.

Indole Production: After incubation, the addition of Kovac’s reagent reveals indole production. If the organism can convert tryptophan to indole, a red ring forms at the top of the medium.

Motility: SIM medium is semi-solid, allowing motile bacteria to spread from the stab line, resulting in turbidity throughout the medium. Non-motile bacteria will only grow along the stab line.

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30
Q

is Blood agar selective or differential

A

Blood agar is a differential medium because it can distinguish between different types of bacteria based on their ability to lyse red blood cells and degrade hemoglobin. It contains intact red blood cells, and bacteria that produce hemolysins can break down these cells, resulting in visible changes in the aga

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31
Q

CNA Agar is differential of selective

A

selective for Gram positive cocci

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32
Q

Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) is selectie or differential

A

BOTH

Selective for Staphylococcus species because high salt content adn many cant grow (halophile species can )

Differential - mannitol fermenters vs non. Fermenters = acidic red to yellow ph indicator (phenol red)

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33
Q

Sabouraud’s Agar is selective or differential

A

Selective for Fungi

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34
Q

_______ media allow multiple organisms to grow but display the visible differences in how they grow

A

differential

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35
Q

Media color changes is an example of ___ media

A

differential

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36
Q

t/f production of gas bubbles is an example of selective media

A

differential

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37
Q

reducing medium

A

contains a substance that absorbs oxygen or slows the penetration fo oxygen

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38
Q

Thioglycolic acid broth is good for growing ______

A

anaerobs

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39
Q

reducing medias are important for growing

A

anaerobic bacter

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40
Q

what is transport media used for

A

maintain and preserve specimens that have to be held for a long time before clinical analysis (chemicals in it maintain species for longer)

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41
Q

what is the red showing

A

red is the lactose fermentors,
whitish are not
differential media- MacConkey Agar

phenol red

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42
Q
A
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43
Q

Carbohydrate Fermentation Media is esentially a ____ broth

A

nutrient broth

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44
Q

what is carbohydrate fermentation media

A

liquid that contains sugars that can be fermented with a pH indicator to show reaction (sucrose and manitol)

with fermentation, color change red - yellow as well as air space to show if organism produces gas (o2) (DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA)

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45
Q

what is the pH indicator in carbohyrate fermentation media

A

phenol red … turns red to yellow

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45
Q

assay media is used for

A

testing the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs

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46
Q

what si enumeration media used for

A

industrial and enviornmental microbologists to count the numbers of organisms in milk, water, food soil

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47
Q

Whats a colony forming unit

A

a term used to more appropriately describe that a colony might have been formed by more than one cell of the same species

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48
Q

t/f only sterilize loop after first inoculation

what is this called

A

false after each step

streak plate

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49
Q

what is this called

A

pour plate/loop dilution

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50
Q

what is this called

A

spread plate

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51
Q

microbes can be identified through

A
  • Microscopic appearance
  • characterization of cellular metabolism (methobolic pathways - do they produce enzymes or not)
  • determination of nutrient requirements, products given off during growth
  • presence of enzymes and mechanisms for deriving energy
    genetic adn immonological chatacteristcs
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52
Q

dimentionals of microscopic organisms range from

A

mm, um and nm

(cm, m = macro)

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53
Q

1um = 1000 nm
1um = .001 mm

A
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54
Q

protozoa and algae are on average what size

A

3-4 mm

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55
Q

yeasts are generally what size

A

3-4 um

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56
Q

the smallest bacteria are ___ and largest are ____

A

200nm - 750 um

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57
Q

t/f viruses are larger than bacteria

A

FALSE - much much smaller with very few exceptions

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58
Q

how big are viruses

A

20nm and 400nm (MOST)

some as big as 800 - 1500 nm

59
Q

real image is formed by the ____

A

objective lens

60
Q

virtual image is formed _____

A

when the image is projected up through teh microscope body to the plane of the eye piece the occular lens forms a second image

61
Q

resolving power also known as

A

resolution

62
Q

resolving power of human eye

A

.2mm

63
Q

resolving power or the light microscope using oil immersion

A

.2um

64
Q

t/f with oil immersion 90% of light rays pass up through objective lens

A

false - 100%

65
Q

refractive index

A

degree of bend that light undergoes as it passes from one medium to the next

66
Q

t/f the HIGHER the difference in the refractive indexes (more bending of light) the sharper the contrast registered by the microscope

A

TRUE

67
Q

t/f too much light can reduce contrast and burn out the image.

how do you control this

A

true

iris diaphphragm

68
Q

Use the ______ to control the amount of light coming into the _____.

A

iris diaphragm, condensor

69
Q

type of microscope that forms an image when light is transmitted through the specimen

A

bright field microscope

70
Q

a brihgt field microscope can be adapted as a dark field microscope by adding a disc called a ____ to the condensor

A

stop

71
Q

what does a stop do?

A

blocks all light from entering the objective lens, except the peripheral light that is reflexted off the sides of the specimen itself. creates a beautiful illuminated specimen around a dark field

72
Q

when to use a dark field microscope

A

to visualize living cells that would be distorted by drying or heat or that cannot be stained with the usual methods

73
Q

what microscope is this image from

A

bright field scope

74
Q

versitile microscope, live dead, unstained, stained

A

bright field

75
Q

what microscope is this from

A

darkfield scope

76
Q

what microscope

A

phase contrast

77
Q

what does the phase contrast microscope take advantage of

A

the fact that cell structures differ in density

78
Q

________ microscope contains devices that transform the subtle changes in light waves passing though the specimen into differences in light intensity

A

phase contrast

79
Q

the detail visable by this method of miscropy is greater than that of bright or dark field

A

phase contrast

80
Q

what is phase contrast most useful for observing

A

intracellular structures (ornganelles, granules, bacterial endospores

81
Q

_____ overcomes the problem of cells or structures being too thick by using a laser beam of light to scan various depths inteh specimen and deliver a sharp image

A

confocal

82
Q

what microscope is able to capture highly focused view at any level of the cell

A

confocal

83
Q

the _____ microscope is a specially modified compound microscope furnished with an UV radiation source

A

fluorescnece

84
Q

for an image to be formed in fluorescence microscope must be coated in ____ and UV lights it up

A

fluorescence

85
Q

most useful applications in fluorescence microscopy is diagnosing _______ and pinpointing ________

A

infections, particular cellular structures (pathogy labs, diagnostics)

86
Q

what microscope

A

fluorescence

87
Q

what microscope

A

confocal

88
Q

for viewing the detailed structure of the cells and viruses use the ______ microscope

A

Transmission electron microscope

89
Q

how does the TEM microscope work

A

by transmitting electrons through the specimen

90
Q

t/f because they are electrons, the TEM microcscope can easily penetrate thick preparations

A

FALSE - must be sectioned into extremely thin slices (20-100nm) and stained or coated with metals that increase image contrast

91
Q

what microscope

A

Transmission electron microscope

92
Q

what are the dark adn light parts

A

dark = dense part of cell and light = more transparents, less dense

93
Q
A
94
Q

what microscope creates the most dramatic and realistic image

A

scanning electron microscope ( SEM)

95
Q

what microscope creates this

A

SEM scanning electron microscope

96
Q

consists of a drop or two of culture placed on a slide and overlaid with a cover slip

A

wet mount

97
Q

a drop of culture is placed in a concave (depression) slide. vasaline adhesive or sealant and a cover slip are used to suspend the sample

A

hanging drop

98
Q

two fresh living preparation techniques

A

hanging drop, and wet mount

99
Q

t/f unstained cells in a fixed smear are difficult to see regardless of magnification and resolving power

A

true

100
Q

basic dyes have a ____ charge

A

positive (cationic)

101
Q

acidic dyes have a ___ charge

A

negative (anionic)

102
Q

only SOME bacteria have a negative charge

A

FASE ( all bacteria)

103
Q

_______ stain dye sticks to the specimen and gives it color

A

positive

104
Q

when dye does not stick to the specimen but settles some distance from its outer boundary (forms silhouette) we call this a

A

negative stain

105
Q

in a negative stain we ALWAYS heat fix

A

FALSE ( not heat fixed so the distoration adn shrinkage of cells is reduced)

106
Q

t/f negative stain keep accurate shape of cell

A

TRUE - no heat fixing

107
Q

____ stains are used to accentuate a capsule

A

negative stains

108
Q

t/f simple stains require two dyes

A

false - single dye

109
Q

_____ stains cause all the cells in the smear to appear the same color regardless of type,

A

simple

110
Q

_____ stains reveal shape, size, arrangement

A

simple

111
Q

_____ stains use two differently colored dyes the primary dye and counter stain

A

differential stain

112
Q

what type of stain is used to distinguish cell types or parts

A

differential

113
Q

what is a capsule mad from

A

thick polysaccharide coating

114
Q

when were differential stains developed

A

1884 Hans christian Gram

115
Q

what two stains are used for negative stain?

A

Nigrosin and India ink

116
Q

what is the primary stain in gram staining

A

Crystal violet

117
Q

what is the mordant in gram staning

A

Gram’s iodine, allows primary stain to form insoluble complex in peptidoglycan so to not leak out

118
Q

what is the decolorizer in gram staining

A

alcohol

119
Q

what is the counter stain in gram staining

A

ex. Safranin

120
Q

t/f ALL bacteria can be categorized as gram + or gram -

A

false - most bacteria

121
Q

t/f gram staining has everything to do with the charge of the cell

A

false - has to do with the cell wall

122
Q

_____ stain remains the universal basis for bacterial classification and identification

A

gram staining

123
Q

what does acid fast mean

A

acid resistant

124
Q

what type of stain is acid- fast

A

differential

125
Q

what does acid-fast stain do

A

differentiates acid fast (acid resistant) bacteria vs not

126
Q

how did acid fast stain originate?

A

as a method to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis

127
Q

what does Mycobacterium tuberculosis do when acid-fast stained?

A

their cell wall holds fast (tightly) to the dye carbolfuchsin) when washed with an acid decolorizer (acid resistant)

128
Q

what bacteria is acid fast

A

Mico (genus), and Norcardia both are pathogens

129
Q

what dye is used in acid-fast staining

A

carbolfuchsin

130
Q

endospore is a _____ stain

A

differential

131
Q

both acid-fast staining and endospore staining dye is forced by _____ into resistant bodies

A

heat

132
Q

what does endospore stain do

A

stain distinguishes between endospores and vegetative cells

133
Q

t/f a vegetative cell contains an inner spore

A

fa;lse

134
Q

endospore stain is significant in identifying GRAM +, spore forming members of genus ________ and ___________

A

Bacillus and clostridium

135
Q

shape of gram - cells

shape of gram + cells

A

rods , the red

cocci, purple

136
Q

what stain is this and what does blue and purple represent

A

acid fast,
blue = not acid fast (not acid resistant)
purple = acid fast (holds dye in cell wall even w acidic decolorer)

137
Q

what are special stains

A

used to emphasize cell parts that are not revealed by conventional staining methods

138
Q

two examples of special stains

A

capsular staining and flagellar staining

139
Q

what stain is this adn what are the colors

A

endospore, endospores are green, and vegetative cells pink

140
Q

what stain is this

A

capsule stain with india ink

141
Q

what stain is this

A

flagellar

141
Q

what stain is campsule stain

A

differential

142
Q

what stain is acid fast stain

A

differential

143
Q

what stain is crystal violet

A

simple

144
Q

what stain is gram stain

A

differentialha

145
Q

what stain is flagellar

A

special

146
Q
A

Microscope_lab (13 decks)

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