Chapter Two Flashcards
The centuries long drive to expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula undertaken by the Christian kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. Helped Portuguese gain access to sea routes
Reconquest
A disease that killed 1/3 of the European population
The Black Death
Pact negotiated in 1494 to delineate the claims in the New World it drew an imaginary line of west of the Canary Islands. West- Spain East-Portugal
Treaty of Tordesillas
Indian uprising against the Spanish in 1599. It was violently suppressed by Juan de Onate, but the Indians revolted again later that year, after many Spanish settlers returned to Mexico
Acoma Pueblo Revolt
Children born in the New World to Spanish parents
Creoles
Under the control of the Emperor Atahualpa this region stretched across the western coast of South America and contained nine million people with lots of gold and silver
Incan Empire
The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas that began when the Spanish arrived in the Caribbean, ending the age-old separation of the hemispheres.
Colombian Exchange
A system for governing used during the Reconquest and in New Spain. It allowed a town’s Spanish”owner” to collect tribute from the town in return for providing law and order and encouraging”his”Indians to convert to Christianity
Encomienda
Term referring to the Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered lands in the New World
Conquistador
Land in the New World held by the Spanish crown
New Spain
The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther’s critiques of the Roman Catholic Church, which precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics
Protestant Reformation
The Indians who inhabited San Salvador and many Caribbean islands and who were the first people Columbus encountered after making landfall in the New World
Tainos
After 50 years of contact
Diseases will kill 90% of Natives
Need for supplemental labor
African slavery
Spaniards bring to the New World
Christianity, iron technology, sailing ships, firearms, wheeled vehicles, horses, old world viruses
Cortes expedition serve as a model for others (this person conquered the Inca)
Francisco Pizarro
Most important treasure Spanish could exploit
Uncompensated Indian labor
After 1540 this is the most important export
Silver mining (precious metals)
Spain, like other Europeans develops a
Society highly stratified by race and national (social) origin dominated Minority
Born in New World to Spanish parents
Creoles
Spanish father, Indian mother
Mestizos
Killed 1/3 of the population
bubonic plague
Identify three of four key factors that enabled Cortes to conquer the mexica and gain control of Mexica’s Empire’s Capital
Technological Advances (guns, metal armor, cannon, horses)
Diseases
Indian Allies (Tlaxcalans)
All out war
2 Spanish groups became critical of the encomienda system and were influential in abolishing its early form in 1549. identify both groups, cite their major criticisms, and explain the results of the criticism
Missionaries-horrified by treatment, difficult to convert to Christianity
Royal Officials-brutality stemmed from encomenderos unchecked autonomy
Result-repartimento-reform that replaced the dying ecomenderos with royal bureaucrats
Portugal
Prince Henry the Navigator
breaks Italian trade monopoly
Breaks monopoly of old Mediterranean trade
Spain
Columbus
The movement of peoples, animals, plants, manufactured goods, precious metals, and diseases between Europe, the new world and Africa
