chapter twelve (i just made this lenin + stalin economy)

Question 1

when was the cheka formed

Answer 1

december 1917 (2/1 months after revolution)

Question 2

cheka

Answer 2

the name given to bolshevik secret police

Question 3

commissar

Answer 3

a representative appointed by a soviet, a government, or the communist party to be responsible for political indoctrination during and after the 1917 revolution in russia

Question 4

sovnarkom

Answer 4

the cabinet made up of the important ministers who, between them, would run the country

Question 5

how did bolsheviks establish control within the sovnarkom

Answer 5

filled exclusively with bolsheviks initially

Question 6

decree on peace

Answer 6

27 october 1917
promise to end the war, led to an armistice that november and then the official demobilising process

Question 7

decree on land

Answer 7

27 october 1917
abolished private ownership of land
legitimised peasant seizures of land without landlord compensation (increased peasant support)

Question 8

workers control decree

Answer 8

novemeber 1917
gave workers the right to supervise managment

Question 9

nationality decree

Answer 9

promised self determination to the people of the former russian empire

Question 10

what did nationality decree lead to

Answer 10

finland became independant state december 1917
elected government set up in ukraine

Question 11

legal reforms under early lenin

Answer 11

november 1917
reformed new legal system with elected peoples courts

Question 12

sex discrimination law

Answer 12

november 1917
outlawed sex discrimination
gave women right to own property
decree against titles, everyone became ‘citizen’

Question 13

military decree

Answer 13

december 1917
removed any class ranks
removed saluting + military decorations from army
officers to be elected directly from soldiers soviets

Question 14

decree on the church

Answer 14

december 1917
church land nationalised
removed marriage and divorce from church control

Question 15

nationalisation of banks

Answer 15

december 1917
nationalised banks
ended private flow of capital

Question 16

why did lenin believe in state capitalism

Answer 16

pragmatic way of responding to the problems in Russia 1918
belief that nationalising industry would make the government more efficient, so state capitalism allowed all nationalised industries to be centralised and ran by lenin-chosen economists

Question 17

conflicts in russia 1905-1918

Answer 17

2 revolutions
1 world war
1 civil war

Question 18

who ran the economy / nationalised industries under lenin

Answer 18

the vesenkha

Question 19

what were vesenkha used for

Answer 19

reestablish workers discipline
ensure factories were properly managed
coordinate economic production to improve efficiency

Question 20

how did the vesenkha achieve their goals

Answer 20

offering higher pay to productive workers
placing factories under the control of well paid specialists (usually previous members of the bougeroise)

Question 21

war communism

Answer 21

made purely to survive the russian civil war whilst russian economy was on brink of collapse
- ensure there were high levels of industrial production
- efficiently allocate workers
- increase and maintain the food production to feed everyone

Question 22

implementations of war communism

Answer 22

grain requisitioning done by the cheka

rationing - largest to soldiers and workers

abolition of money - 1918 government printed so much money that led to hyper inflation which made money worthless and brought back bartering + payed in rations

abolition of private trade (made illegal)

all businesses taken over by the state (complete nationalisation, unlike state capitalism where smaller firms left privately owned)

conscription to work or fight

Question 23

was war communism succesful

Answer 23

relatively succcesful in achieving its aims (of feeding the soldiers and workers and winning the war) but did eventually led to economic collapse and political crisis

Question 24

red terror

Answer 24

followed assasination attempt on lenin
campaign of violence bgan
bolsheviks used red army and cheka
no way to know the casualties of the red terror

Question 25

when was lenins assasination attempt

Answer 25

30 august 1918

Question 26

when did civil war end

Answer 26

1921

Question 27

what caused revolts in 1920 and 1921

Answer 27

russian civil war ending 1921
war and war communism ruined russian economy
breakdown of economy led to revolts

Question 28

tambov revolt

Answer 28

began august 1920
peasants in tambov rebeling against grain requisitioning
by january 1921 force of 50,000 peasants, which kept growing and spreading
by march 1921 revolt big enough to attack government grain stores

Question 29

kronstadt rising

Answer 29

sailors at kronstadt naval base started to rebel
series of idealogical reforms demanded
worrying because they were one of the first groups of people to support the bolsheviks, losing support

Question 30

new economic policies

Answer 30

1921
turned russia into mixed economy
agricultural sector put under control of the free market
grain requisitioning ended and replaced with tax
small factories de nationalised (large factories stayed)
money was reintroduced

Question 31

impact of nep on agriculture

Answer 31

the ending on grain requisitioning was extremely popular among peasantry
free market incentivised peasants to grow more food
ending the famine of 1921

Question 32

impact of nep on industry

Answer 32

led to industrial growth
revived industries destroyed by civil war
but industrialisation and industrial growth still pretty slow
regrowing not growing

Question 33

example of lenins nep era promoting industrial development

Answer 33

mass electrification campaign

Question 34

the great turn

Answer 34

stalin believing that ussr growth was to be achieved by mass industrialisation
wanted less dependency on capitalist states
start of 5 year plans (to industrialise, modernise, eliminate shortcoming of NEP, look good on world stage)

Question 35

first 5 year plan

Answer 35

aim ; to industrialise russian economy
cut short due to economic problems
implementation of quotas

Question 36

second 5 year plan

Answer 36

led to russia becoming pretty much self sufficient

Question 37

third 5 year plan

Answer 37

preparing for world war two
even bigger deficit on consumer goods to build war goods instead
cut short by invasion from nazi germany

Question 38

collectivisation

Answer 38

where agricultural farms would be combined then nationalised
1928-1941
wanted to speed the abolition of private property
hoped collectivisation would promote socialist ideals and gain broad support
nep also had negative effects on the agricultural sector
only 40% joined when forced, 20% when not

Question 39

ussrs central economic agency under stalin

Answer 39

gosplan

Question 40

who set industrial targets

Answer 40

gosplan

Question 41

living conditions under 5 year plans

Answer 41

shortages of consumer goods (due to mismanagement + emphasis on heavy industry)
most goods were rationed due to scarcity
people working in industry gained more benefits, increased immigration which caused housing crisis
arguably worse living conditions under 5yp than nep