chapter seven Flashcards
who influenced nicholas ii’s belief that any failures in leadership were signs of weakness and cowardice
his tutor (pobedonostsev)
black hundreds
nationalist gangs devoted to the ‘tsar church and motherland’ - supported by clergy, landowners and gov and plays role in the crushing of the 1905 revolution
why was nicholas ii not popular with ethnic minorities from the beginning of his reign
his support of russification, black hundreds and commitment to the orthodox church
what year did unrest in russia increase (1890s)
1894
impact of increased unrest within russian universities
increased use of the okrana
led to more young people being expelled, exiled or drafted in the army
what year did cossacks charge into a crowd of st petersburg students and killed 13
1901 (with an extra 1500 imprisoned)
what were the years 1902-1907 known for
widespread disturbances in both towns and countryside
rural arson dramatically increased (many peasants would set fire to landlords barns/grain)
which areas had the worst unrest
central russia due to the most traditional landlord peasant relationships
who was tsar nicholas ii’s minister during this unrest and how did he deal with the disturbances
stolypin; dealt with unrest with ferocity which aggravated the situation even more
peasants were punished with flogging, arrests, exilement or shootings
how many industrial strikes in 1894 versus 1904 in towns
17,000 vs 90,000
date of bloody sunday
9 january 1905
when did russia surrender to the japanense
20 december 1904
what started bloody sunday
strikes started on the january 3rd 1905 and soon involved 150,000 workers striking
decision was made for a peaceful protest to be held at the winter palace
what was the ambition of bloody sunday
demonstration of workers loyalty to the tsar but still wanting reform
asked for shorter work hours, and other workers!! reforms
how did bloody sunday end
demonstration broken up by 12,000 troops and many died; sparked the outbreak of rebellion
duma
an elected governing assembly
what pressured nicholas ii to agree to meet the workers representative (february 1905) which ended in the creation of the dumas
the assassination of his uncle (grand duke sergei) by a socialist revolutionary bomb
when did workers begin to form their own illegal trade unions
april 1905
what was state of russia by october 1905
on the state of collapse; politically, economically and socially (peasant uprisings, strikes and demonstrations, demands of independence from minority groups like poles)
soviet meaning
a council of workers
what did the october manifesto include
constitutional reform; civic freedom, establishment of a state duma which could pass laws and be a voice to all classes
date of october manifesto
17 october
immediate reaction to october manifesto
general strike called off + division in the country of discontent and success
longer term effects of the october manifesto
civic liberties were debatable with violence used to force the end of strike action and police brutality still rampant
pogroms still common
outbreaks of trouble from the countryside into 1907
what ‘rights’ did the tsar have over the dumas
to veto legislation
to rule by decree in an emergency/when duma was not in session
to appoint and dismiss government ministers
to dissolve the duma as he wished
to control war, foreign relations, expenditure, orthodox church and the judicial system
which duma was the first for bolsheviks to appear in
3rd duma (1907-12)
first duma
may-july 1906
boycotted by partys on the left and right wing politically
overwhelmingly radical-liberal
highly critical of the tsar and his ministers
tried to pass radical legislation and to force the tsars ministers to resign but was dissolved instead
second duma
february-june 1907
number of left wing extremists increased as they stopped boycotting and became even more oppositional than the first
stolypin created a story of the duma trying to assasinate the tsar to dissolve the second duma after they did not help with his agricultural plans
led to a decrease in the weight of peasants, workers and national minorities votes
third duma
november 1907- june 1912
agreed with 2200/2500 of government proposals; very agreeable
as the tsarist regime became increasingly unpopular the duma became more confrontational and had to be suspended twice in 1911 and dissolved 1912
fourth duma
1912-1917
very docile governing body
stolypin (who had been against the last two dumas) had died
new minister just ignored the duma and its influence declines with it being too divided to fight back
the workers once again seized power through strikes and wwi started which led to the dumas dissolving
when was stolypin assasinated
1911
how was order restored in the countryside following 1905
stolypins reforms (20 year plan that he died before finished)
how many people were assassinated by military ran courts (court martials) ran between 1906-1909
over 3,000
why had political opposition temporarily been weakened by 1912
increased police activity and opposition disunity and organisation
when did rasputin come to st petersburg
1903
long term effects of bloody sunday
russia having modernised along western lines by 1914
introduction of dumas
new economic policies (some influenced by stolypin)
