chapter eleven Flashcards
war credits
the raising of taxes and loans to finance a war
whe did russia join the great war
1914
public response to going to war (at the start)
initially positive/popular
wave of anti german sentiment
strikes stopped
extremeists against the war were imprisoned for anti patriotism
what happened to the duma due to the war
dissolved itself, did not want to burden the country with ‘unnecessary politics’
what happened to st petersburg during war
changed name to petrograd as st petersburg was too germanic
why did national solidarity start to fall
initial victories slowed down and realised this would not be a quick war
battle of tannenburg
east prussia
august 1914
300,000 dead or wounded
thousands taken prisoner
weakened national spirit
‘military zones’
set up by the star in july 1914
zones where martial law toook over and all civillian authority was supended
(opposed by the liberals)
russias prohibition in 1914
didnt work/ignored
people just distilled their own so no change occurred and russia lost tax revenue form legal sales of vodka
zemgor
june 1915
existing zemstva and multiple city dumas joined together to form ‘zemgor’
which was allowed to help the tsar but not have any direct influence
became liberal place to discuss discontent
what weakened the perception of the Tsar during the war
becoming commander in cheif of the russian army and navy
did not possess the military experience to turn the war effort around
made him look more responsible for the varying disasters that befall his troops
was seen as abandoning russia/petrograd to go lose a war
when did the tsar become commander in cheif of the russian army and navy
september 1915
due to defeats in galicia
result of the tsar going off to war
rapsutin began to meddle in political appointments and policy decisions
rumours that the tsarina (who was german) was purposefully sabotaging the war effort
why did liberals and socialists start demanding change in government structure
rasputins influence led to countless changes in ministries
with 3 or 4 changes occuring in some ministries withina. year of nicholas levaing
rasputins murder
yusupov and purishkevich
17 december 1916
what was in shortage by christmas 1914
serious shortages of munitions
how many men did russia manage to mobilise during ww1
15 million
still wasnt enough
how did russia mobilise so many men during ww1
mainly through the conscription of peasants
examples of shortages of supplies in the war
1914- only 2 rifles for every 3 soldiers
1915- artillery shells rationed for soldiers
reliance on fallen soldiers equipment in early years
mostly solved over the quieter winter months of 1915 to 1916 to catch up with demand
morale by the end of 1916 + how many desertations
plummeted within the army
1.5million desertions THAT YEAR
spending on the war 1914-1917
1.5million roubles to 14.5million roubles
production during ww1
production slumped
russias trade slowed massively
household goods production massively neglected
food shortages- especially in cities
unemployment increased
(led to increased hoarding)
cost of living increase during ww1
300%
strikes in moscow + petrograd as a result of cost of living increase in war
january 1917
30,000 in moscow
145,000 in petrograd
what happened in petrograd on anniversary of bloody sunday january 1917
demonstration by 150000 workers
events of february 1917
strikes in petrograd
announcements of bread rationing - public outrage
march on international womens day turns into chaos (no loss of life tho)
over half of petrograds workforce striking
nicholas ignores dumas warnings that the capital is in ‘anarchy’
tsar orders a military force restoration of petrograd
instead mutiny occurs, soldiers begin to join protestors over officers
duma hold meeting against tsars wishes and set up provisional committee
mutiny/mutineers
due to high amount of conscripted peasants/workers in the army, they were reluctant to shoot the protestors who they sympathised with more than their officers
what did the petrograd soviet agree on in their first charter, ‘order n1’
all units to elect and agree political control of the petrograd soviet
military commission of the duma to be obeyed
all weapons to be controlled by elected soldiers committees instead of officers
all soldiers enjoy full citizens rights when off duty
no honourific titles for officers
officers had to use the respectful pronoun of you when talking to soldiers
what happened to nicholas after february 1917
never returned to petrograd due to rebellious railway workers diverting his train
resigned under massive pressure
him and his family placed under house arrest
when did the tsar resign
march 2nd 1917
who took control after the tsars resignation
alexei was next in line, with nicholas’s brother acting as regent, and became tsar due to alexeis poor health
however mikhail, nicholas’s brother, refused
so the romanov dynasty ended
what government formed after the tsars resignation
dual power of provisional government and petrograd soviet
provisional government
prince lvov in charge
comprised mostly of liberals, moderate socialists, and kadets
meant to be temporary
accepted as legitimate by the tsars brothers blessing
petrograd soviets
dominated by mensheviks and social revolutionaries and a small amount of bolsheviks
members voted in by the st petersburg soviets
alexander kerensky
member of both dual power institutions, able to help them work together and led to cooperation
became chairman of provisional government in july 1917
provisional governments promises
general amnesty for political prisoners
basic civil liberties
abolition of legal disabilities based on class, religion and nationaliy
the right to organise trade unions and to strike
that a constituent assembly would be elected
public response to dual power
strikes and miliatry desertions continued
peasants disturbances increased by july 1917
little support for provisional government due to poor living standards, and economic struggle
economic issues under dual power (blamed on provisional government)
food supplies were chaotic/unpredictable
real wages fell
prices rising
continuation of war
failure to redistribute land in the countryside
how much did prices increase by from 1914-october 1917
755%
how much did prices increase by from 1914-january 1917
300%
government failure to redstribute land for peasants resulted in….
peasants seizing land themselves
