chapter four

Question 1

russification

Answer 1

forcing everyone within the russian empire to think of themselves as ‘russian’ by enforcing russian language and culture

Question 2

chauvinism

Answer 2

exaggerated belief in national superiority

Question 3

pogrom

Answer 3

an old russian word which means ‘round up’ or lynching; it originally denoted an assault by one ethnic group on another; after 1881 it gained connotations of an attack on jews

Question 4

how many different ethnic groups within the russian empire

Answer 4

over 100

Question 5

national ideology

Answer 5

a belief in the strength of ones own country, language and traditions; this became a powerful force in europe after the defeat of napoleans attempt to spread french influence

Question 6

why did the diversity of the empire threaten tsarist autocracy

Answer 6

lack of national ideology and patriotism
people identified with their regional group not russia as a whole
needed patriotism for stability of tsars power

Question 7

guerilla warfare

Answer 7

a form of fighting conducted by groups of soldiers and armed civilians using methods such as ambushes, sabotage and raids rather than fight conventionally

Question 8

concession

Answer 8

granting a request in response to demand

Question 9

lutherism

Answer 9

a form of christianity based on the teachings of the sixteenth-century german; martin luther
went against catholicism due to corruption of church and starts of protestantism

Question 10

polish rebellion 1863

Answer 10

over 200,000 poles had joined in creating an underground national government for poland
alexander ii reacted quickly leading to guerrilla warfare
poles lose by 1864

Question 11

example of alexander ii lessoning russification

Answer 11

1864-75 the latvians and estonians allowed to revert back to lutherism instead of orthodoxy
allowed finns to have their own diet (parliament)

Question 12

finlands russification

Answer 12

1892; reorganised the diet (parliament) to weaken its political influence
use of russian language increasingly demanded
russian coinage replaced local currency

Question 13

polish russification

Answer 13

1885; polish national bank closed
all classes except for polish language and religion had to be taught in russian (including polish literature had to be taught in russian translation)

Question 14

baltic germans russification

Answer 14

between 1885-1889 russian language endorced in all state offices, police force, judicial system and school

Question 15

ukrainian russification

Answer 15

laws limited use of ukranian language in 1883
1884; all theatres in the five ukrainian provinces were closed

Question 16

how did russian empire promote orthodoxy

Answer 16

laws benefitted those of orthodox faith promoted willing conversions
mass baptisms forced on muslims in the empire

Question 17

results of russification

Answer 17

intended to increase unity of the empire
but did end up intensifying national feelings among the non russians of the empire

Question 18

pale of settlement

Answer 18

area of western russia that since 1791 was basically only place jewish people could live within russia

Question 19

which class of society were most anti-semitic

Answer 19

poorer class/the serfs

Question 20

when and where did jewish pogroms break out

Answer 20

april 1881 in ukraine

Question 21

example of systemic anti-semitism during the pogroms

Answer 21

the okhrana are thought to be part of the reason the pogroms started
governing authorities didnt do anything to curb the violence

Question 22

examples of anti-semitism legislation and dates

Answer 22

1887; number of jews admitted to schools and universities regulated (could only make up 10-5% of school population)
1892; jews are banned from participation of local elections and lose right to be elected in town duma

Question 23

impact of antisemitism to the tsarist autocracy

Answer 23

many jews left russia
but those who stayed in russia dissproportionally were involved in revolutionary groups; due to discontent of their treatment