Chapter Twelve

Question 1

emotion

Answer 1

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

Question 2

James-Lange

Answer 2

theory the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus.

Question 3

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 3

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 4

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, (a) our physiological response to a stimulus (for example, a pounding heart), and (b) the emotion we experience (for example, fear) occur ___________ (simultaneously/sequentially). According to the James-Lange theory, (a) and (b) occur ___________ (simultaneously/sequentially).

Answer 4

simultaneously; sequentially (first the physiological response, and then the experienced emotion)

Question 5

two-factor theory

Answer 5

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Question 6

According to Schachter and Singer, two factors lead to our experience of an emotion: (1) physiological arousal and (2) ________________ appraisal.

Answer 6

cognitive

Question 7

Emotion researchers have disagreed about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of cognitive processing. How would you characterize the approach of each of the following researchers: Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer?

Answer 7

Zajonc and LeDoux suggested that we experience some emotions without any conscious, cognitive appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer emphasized the importance of appraisal and cognitive labeling in our experience of emotion.

Question 8

polygraph

Answer 8

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

Question 9

How do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system affect our emotional responses?

Answer 9

The sympathetic division of the ANS arouses us for more intense experiences of emotion, pumping out the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare our body for fight or flight. The parasympathetic division of the ANS takes over when a crisis passes, restoring our body to a calm physiological and emotional state.

Question 10

___________(Women/Men) report experiencing emotions more deeply, and they tend to be more adept at reading nonverbal behavior.

Answer 10

Women

Question 11

Are people more likely to differ culturally in their interpretations of facial expressions, or of gestures?

Answer 11

gestures

Question 12

facial feedback effect

Answer 12

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

Question 13

(1) Based on the facial feedback effect, how might students report feeling when the rubber bands raise their cheeks as though in a smile? (2) How might students report feeling when the rubber bands pull their cheeks downward?

Answer 13

(1) Most students report feeling more happy than sad when their cheeks are raised upward. (2) Most students report feeling more sad than happy when their cheeks are pulled downward.

Question 14

behavior feedback effect

Answer 14

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Question 15

catharsis

Answer 15

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Question 16

Which one of the following is an effective strategy for reducing angry feelings?

a. Retaliate verbally or physically.
b. Wait or “simmer down.”
c. Express anger in action or fantasy.
d. Review the grievance silently.

Answer 16

b.

Question 17

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Answer 17

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.

Question 18

positive psychology

Answer 18

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Question 19

subjective well-being

Answer 19

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Question 20

adaptation-level phenomenon

Answer 20

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Question 21

relative deprivation

Answer 21

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

Question 22

Which of the following factors does NOT predict self-reported happiness?
Age
Personality traits
Sleep and exercise
Active religious faith

Answer 22

a. Age does NOT effectively predict happiness levels. Better predictors are personality traits, sleep and exercise, and religious faith.

Question 23

stress

Answer 23

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Question 25

tend and befriend

Answer 25

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

Question 26

The stress response system: When alerted to a negative, uncontrollable event, our ________________ nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration ________________ (increase/decrease). Blood is diverted from digestion to the skeletal ________________. The body releases sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the ________________ - ________________ - ________________ response.

Answer 26

sympathetic; increase; muscles; fight-or-flight

Question 27

health psychology

Answer 27

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

Question 28

psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 28

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Question 29

The field of ________________ studies mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health.

Answer 29

psychoneuroimmunology.

Question 30

What general effect does stress have on our health?

Answer 30

Stress tends to reduce our immune system’s ability to function properly, so that higher stress generally leads to greater risk of physical illness.

Question 31

coronary heart disease

Answer 31

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

Question 32

Type A

Answer 32

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Question 33

Type B

Answer 33

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Question 34

Which component of the Type A personality has been linked most closely to coronary heart disease?

Answer 34

Feeling angry and negative much of the time

Question 35

coping

Answer 35

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.

Question 36

problem-focused coping

Answer 36

attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Question 37

emotion-focused coping

Answer 37

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction.

Question 38

personal control

Answer 38

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.

Question 39

learned helplessness

Answer 39

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Question 40

external locus of control

Answer 40

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

Question 41

internal locus of control

Answer 41

the perception that we control our own fate.

Question 42

To cope with stress when we feel in control of our world, we tend to use _________________(emotion/problem)-focused strategies. To cope with stress when we believe we cannot change a situation, we tend to use _________________(emotion/problem)-focused strategies.

Answer 42

problem; emotion

Question 43

self-control

Answer 43

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

Question 44

aerobic exercise

Answer 44

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety.

Question 45

mindfulness meditation

Answer 45

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.

Question 46

What are some of the tactics we can use to successfully manage the stress we cannot avoid?

Answer 46

Aerobic exercise, relaxation procedures, mindfulness meditation, and religious engagement