Chapter Twelve Flashcards
emotion
a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
James-Lange
theory the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus.
Cannon-Bard theory
Cannon-Bard theory
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, (a) our physiological response to a stimulus (for example, a pounding heart), and (b) the emotion we experience (for example, fear) occur ___________ (simultaneously/sequentially). According to the James-Lange theory, (a) and (b) occur ___________ (simultaneously/sequentially).
simultaneously; sequentially (first the physiological response, and then the experienced emotion)
two-factor theory
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
According to Schachter and Singer, two factors lead to our experience of an emotion: (1) physiological arousal and (2) ________________ appraisal.
cognitive
Emotion researchers have disagreed about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of cognitive processing. How would you characterize the approach of each of the following researchers: Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer?
Zajonc and LeDoux suggested that we experience some emotions without any conscious, cognitive appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer emphasized the importance of appraisal and cognitive labeling in our experience of emotion.
polygraph
a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.
How do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system affect our emotional responses?
The sympathetic division of the ANS arouses us for more intense experiences of emotion, pumping out the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare our body for fight or flight. The parasympathetic division of the ANS takes over when a crisis passes, restoring our body to a calm physiological and emotional state.
___________(Women/Men) report experiencing emotions more deeply, and they tend to be more adept at reading nonverbal behavior.
Women
Are people more likely to differ culturally in their interpretations of facial expressions, or of gestures?
gestures
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
(1) Based on the facial feedback effect, how might students report feeling when the rubber bands raise their cheeks as though in a smile? (2) How might students report feeling when the rubber bands pull their cheeks downward?
(1) Most students report feeling more happy than sad when their cheeks are raised upward. (2) Most students report feeling more sad than happy when their cheeks are pulled downward.
behavior feedback effect
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.
catharsis
in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
Which one of the following is an effective strategy for reducing angry feelings?
a. Retaliate verbally or physically.
b. Wait or “simmer down.”
c. Express anger in action or fantasy.
d. Review the grievance silently.
b.
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.
positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.
adaptation-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.
Which of the following factors does NOT predict self-reported happiness?
Age
Personality traits
Sleep and exercise
Active religious faith
a. Age does NOT effectively predict happiness levels. Better predictors are personality traits, sleep and exercise, and religious faith.
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
tend and befriend
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
The stress response system: When alerted to a negative, uncontrollable event, our ________________ nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration ________________ (increase/decrease). Blood is diverted from digestion to the skeletal ________________. The body releases sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the ________________ - ________________ - ________________ response.
sympathetic; increase; muscles; fight-or-flight
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.
The field of ________________ studies mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health.
psychoneuroimmunology.
What general effect does stress have on our health?
Stress tends to reduce our immune system’s ability to function properly, so that higher stress generally leads to greater risk of physical illness.
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
Which component of the Type A personality has been linked most closely to coronary heart disease?
Feeling angry and negative much of the time
coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction.
personal control
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
internal locus of control
the perception that we control our own fate.
To cope with stress when we feel in control of our world, we tend to use _________________(emotion/problem)-focused strategies. To cope with stress when we believe we cannot change a situation, we tend to use _________________(emotion/problem)-focused strategies.
problem; emotion
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety.
mindfulness meditation
a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.
What are some of the tactics we can use to successfully manage the stress we cannot avoid?
Aerobic exercise, relaxation procedures, mindfulness meditation, and religious engagement
