Chapter Sixteen Flashcards

1
Q

psychotherapy

A

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

biomedical therapy

A

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

eclectic approach

A

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

resistance

A

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

interpretation

A

in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

transference

A

in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In psychoanalysis, when patients experience strong feelings for their therapist, this is called ___________. Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories, indicating ___________. The therapist will attempt to provide insight into the underlying anxiety by offering a(n) ___________ of the mental blocks.

A

transference; resistance; interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

insight therapies

A

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

client-centered therapy

A

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

active listening

A

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

behavior therapy

A

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

counterconditioning

A

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What might a psychodynamic therapist say about Mowrer’s therapy for bed-wetting? How might a behavior therapist defend it?

A

A psychodynamic therapist might be more interested in helping the child develop insight about the underlying problems that have caused the bed-wetting response. A behavior therapist would be more likely to agree with Mowrer that the bed-wetting symptom is the problem, and that counterconditioning the unwanted behavior would indeed bring emotional relief.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

exposure therapies

A

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

systematic desensitization

A

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

virtual reality exposure therapy

A

a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

aversive conditioning

A

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

token economy

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the insight therapies, and how do they differ from behavior therapies?

A

The insight therapies—psychodynamic and humanistic therapies—seek to relieve problems by providing an understanding of their origins. Behavior therapies assume the problem behavior is the problem and treat it directly, paying less attention to its origins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Some maladaptive behaviors are learned. What hope does this fact provide?

A

If a behavior can be learned, it can be unlearned, and replaced by other more adaptive responses.

23
Q

Exposure therapies and aversive conditioning are applications of ____________ conditioning. Token economies are an application of ____________ conditioning.

A

classical; operant

24
Q

cognitive therapy

A

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

25
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

26
Q

How do the humanistic and cognitive therapies differ?

A

By reflecting clients’ feelings in a nondirective setting, the humanistic therapies attempt to foster personal growth by helping clients become more self-aware and self-accepting. By making clients aware of self-defeating patterns of thinking, cognitive therapies guide people toward more adaptive ways of thinking about themselves and their world.

27
Q

A critical attribute of the ___________ developed by Aaron Beck focuses on the belief that changing people’s thinking can change their functioning.

A

cognitive therapy.

28
Q

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy best address?

A

This integrative therapy helps people change self-defeating thinking and behavior. It has been shown to be effective for those with anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, and eating disorders.

29
Q

group therapy

A

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction.

30
Q

family therapy

A

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

31
Q

meta-analysis

A

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

32
Q

How might the placebo effect bias clients’ and clinicians’ appraisals of the effectiveness of psychotherapies?

A

The placebo effect is the healing power of belief in a treatment. Patients and therapists who expect a treatment to be effective may believe it was.

33
Q

evidence-based practice

A

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

34
Q

Therapy is most likely to be helpful for those with problems that ___________ (are/are not) well-defined.

A

are

35
Q

hat is evidence-based clinical decision making?

A

Using this approach, therapists make decisions about treatment based on research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the client.

36
Q

Which alternative psychotherapy has shown more promise as an authentic treatment—EMDR or light therapy?

A

light therapy

37
Q

therapeutic alliance

A

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem.

38
Q

hose who undergo psychotherapy are ___________ (more/less) likely to show improvement than those who do not undergo psychotherapy.

A

more

39
Q

hat are some examples of lifestyle changes we can make to enhance our mental health?

A

Exercise regularly, get enough sleep, get more exposure to light (get outside and/or use a light box), nurture important relationships, redirect negative thinking, and eat a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

40
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

41
Q

antipsychotic drugs

A

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

42
Q

antianxiety drugs

A

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

43
Q

antidepressant drugs

A

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—SSRIs.)

44
Q

How do researchers determine if particular drug therapies are effective?

A

Researchers assign people to treatment and no-treatment conditions to see if those who receive the drug therapy improve more than those who don’t. Double-blind controlled studies are most effective. If neither the therapist nor the client knows which participants have received the drug treatment, then any difference between the treated and untreated groups will reflect the drug treatment’s actual effect.

45
Q

The drugs given most often to treat depression are called ___________. Schizophrenia is often treated with ___________ drugs.

A

antidepressants; antipsychotic

46
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

47
Q

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

48
Q

psychosurgery

A

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

49
Q

lobotomy

A

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

50
Q

evere depression that has not responded to other therapy may be treated with ______________________, which can cause brain seizures and memory loss. More moderate neural stimulation techniques designed to help alleviate depression include ___________ direct current stimulation, ___________ magnetic stimulation, and ___________- ___________ stimulation.

A

electroconvulsive therapy; transcranial; repetitive transcranial; deep-brain

51
Q

resilience

A

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

52
Q

posttraumatic growth

A

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

53
Q

What is the difference between preventive mental health and the psychological and biomedical therapies?

A

Psychological and biomedical therapies attempt to relieve people’s suffering from psychological disorders. Preventive mental health attempts to prevent suffering by identifying and eliminating the conditions that cause disorders.

54
Q
A