Chapter Thirteen Flashcards

1
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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2
Q

attribution theory

A

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

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3
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

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4
Q

attitude

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

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5
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

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6
Q

central route persuasion

A

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

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7
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

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8
Q

role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

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9
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

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10
Q

Driving to school one snowy day, Marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. “Slow down! What a terrible driver,” he thinks to himself. Moments later, Marco himself slips through an intersection and yelps, “Wow! These roads are awful. The city plows need to get out here.” What social psychology principle has Marco just demonstrated? Explain.

A

By attributing the other person’s behavior to the person (“he’s a terrible driver”) and his own to the situation (“these roads are awful”), Marco has exhibited the fundamental attribution error.

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11
Q

How do our attitudes and our actions affect each other?

A

Our attitudes often influence our actions as we behave in ways consistent with our beliefs. However, our actions also influence our attitudes; we come to believe in what we have done.

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12
Q

When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions,___________ ____________theory attempts to explain why.

A

cognitive dissonance

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13
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

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14
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

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15
Q

informational social influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

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16
Q

Despite her mother’s pleas to use a more ergonomic backpack, Antonia insists on trying to carry all of her books to high school in an oversized purse the way her fashionable friends all seem to do. Antonia is affected by what type of social influence?

A

Normative social influence

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17
Q

Psychology’s most famous obedience experiments, in which most participants obeyed an authority figure’s demands to inflict presumed painful, dangerous shocks on an innocent participant, were conducted by social psychologist________________.

A

Stanley Milgram.

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18
Q

What situations have researchers found to be most likely to encourage obedience in participants?

A

The Milgram studies showed that people were most likely to follow orders when the experimenter was nearby and perceived to be a legitimate authority figure, the victim was not nearby, and there were no models for defiance.

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19
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

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20
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

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21
Q

deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

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22
Q

group polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

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23
Q

groupthink

A

he mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

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24
Q

What is social facilitation, and why is it more likely to occur with a well-learned task?

A

This improved performance in the presence of others is most likely to occur with a well-learned task, because the added arousal caused by an audience tends to strengthen the most likely response. This also predicts poorer performance on a difficult task in others’ presence.

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25
Q

People tend to exert less effort when working with a group than they would alone, which is called _____________________ _____________________.

A

social loafing.

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26
Q

You are organizing a meeting of fiercely competitive political candidates. To add to the fun, friends have suggested handing out masks of the candidates’ faces for supporters to wear. What phenomenon might these masks engage?

A

The anonymity provided by the masks, combined with the arousal of the contentious setting, might create deindividuation (lessened self-awareness and self-restraint).

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27
Q

When like-minded groups discuss a topic, and the result is the strengthening of the prevailing opinion, this is called _________________

A

group polarization.

28
Q

When a group’s desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other options, ____________ has occurred.

A

groupthink

29
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

30
Q

stereotype

A

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

31
Q

discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

32
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

33
Q

ingroup

A

“us”—people with whom we share a common identity.

34
Q

outgroup

A

“them”—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

35
Q

ingroup bias

A

the tendency to favor our own group.

36
Q

scapegoat theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

37
Q

other-race effect

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

38
Q

When prejudiced judgment causes us to blame an undeserving person for a problem, that person is called a ____________________.

A

scapegoat

39
Q

aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

40
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.

41
Q

social script

A

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

42
Q

What biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences interact to produce aggressive behaviors?

A

Our biology (our genes, neural systems, and biochemistry—including testosterone and alcohol levels) influences our aggressive tendencies. Psychological factors (such as frustration, previous rewards for aggressive acts, and observation of others’ aggression) can trigger any aggressive tendencies we may have. Social influences, such as exposure to violent media or being ostracized from a group, and cultural influences, such as whether we’ve grown up in a “culture of honor” or a father-absent home, can also affect our aggressive responses.

43
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

44
Q

People tend to marry someone who lives or works nearby. This is an example of the _________________ _________________ _________________ in action.

A

mere exposure effect.

45
Q

How does being physically attractive influence others’ perceptions?

A

Being physically attractive tends to elicit positive first impressions. People tend to assume that attractive people are healthier, happier, and more socially skilled than others are.

46
Q

passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.

47
Q

companionate love

A

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

48
Q

equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

49
Q

self-disclosure

A

the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

50
Q

How does the two-factor theory of emotion help explain passionate love?

A

Emotions consist of (1) physical arousal and (2) our interpretation of that arousal. Researchers have found that any source of arousal (running, fear, laughter) may be interpreted as passion in the presence of a desirable person.

51
Q

Two vital components for maintaining companionate love are _______________ and _______________ _______________.

A

equity; self-disclosure

52
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

53
Q

bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

54
Q

Why didn’t anybody help Kitty Genovese? What social psychology principle did this incident illustrate?

A

In the presence of others, an individual is less likely to notice a situation, correctly interpret it as an emergency, and take responsibility for offering help. The Kitty Genovese case demonstrated this bystander effect, as each witness assumed many others were also aware of the event.

55
Q

social exchange theory

A

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

56
Q

reciprocity norm

A

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

57
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

an expectation that people will help those needing their help.

58
Q

conflict

A

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

59
Q

social trap

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

60
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

61
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

62
Q

Why do sports fans tend to feel a sense of satisfaction when their archrival team loses? Do such feelings, in other settings, make conflict resolution more challenging?

A

Sports fans may feel they are part of an ingroup that sets itself apart from an outgroup (fans of the archrival team). Ingroup bias tends to develop, leading to prejudice and the view that the outgroup “deserves” misfortune. So, the archrival team’s loss may seem justified. In conflicts, this kind of thinking is problematic, especially when each side in the conflict develops mirror-image perceptions of the other (distorted, negative images that are ironically similar).

63
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

64
Q

GRIT

A

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

65
Q

What are some ways to reconcile conflicts and promote peace?

A

Peacemakers should encourage equal-status contact, cooperation to achieve superordinate goals (shared goals that override differences), understanding through communication, and reciprocated conciliatory gestures (each side gives a little).

66
Q
A