Chapter Three & Four Flashcards
Physical Growth and Development in Infancy
birth to two
patterns of growth
cephalocaudal pattern and proximadistal pattern
cephalocaudal pattern
growth occurs from head to toe, skill development also
proximadistal pattern
growth occurs from the center of the body outward.
Height and weight
rapid growth in infancy (embryonic is most rapid)
average:20 inches long, 7 - 7 1/2 pounds
double their birth weight
by 4 months of age
triple their birth weight
by 12 months of age
grow about 1 inch per month
during the first year, reaching approximately 1 1/2 their birth length by their first birthday
growth slows 2nd year of life
by two years, have reached about 1/5th of their adult weight. At two they are about 32-35 inches, which is nearly 1/2 of their adult height.
early experience and the brain
development occurs extensively in utero and continues through infancy (up to the first 3 years). As infants grow, experiences in the environment help shape the brain’s neural connections; an enriching environment helps the brain make connections, a deprived environment does not.
newborns and sleep
newborns sleep on average 16-17 hours a day. by 4-6 months of age, they sleep longer at night and have moved closer to adult like sleep patterns. (6 hours sleeping through the night)
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
-leading cause of infant death in US, nearly 3,000 a year. (during 1st year of life)
risk of SIDS
is highest at 4-6 weeks of age
in 1992, the AAP recommended sleeping on the back,
to decrease risk of SIDS because sleeping on the stomach impairs the infants arousal from sleep and restricts your ability to swallow effectively.
Other risk factors of SIDS include:
low birth weight, sleep apnea, african american & eskimo children are more at risk, coming from lower socioeconomic status, being exposed to smoke, soft bedding, and having a sibling that died from SIDS.
breast vs. bottle feeding
benefits of breast feeding include lower risk of childhood obesity, fewer allergies, a reduction of several childhood illnesses, stronger bonds, reduced childhood cancer, reduces risk of SIDS, improves cognitive development and improves vision.
nutritional needs of the infant
breastmilk for 1-2 years of life whole milk up to age two, 1 food introduced at a time under the guidance of a pediatrician,
biggest nutritional problem for a child is
malnutrition, poor nutrition affects all aspects of development.
dynamic systems theory
infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. To develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements. Motor skills represent solutions to the infant’s goals.
reflexes
built-in reactions to stimuli; genetically carried survival mechanisms - the movements of some reflexes eventually become incorporated into more complex, voluntary actions
nature and nurture working together
need practice to develop skills
gross motor skill
involves large-muscle activities
First year = control head, lifting head, sit without support, pull self up, all postural control leading to walking, practice is important, timing of these milestones varies as much as two to four months…. locomotion (setting event)
setting event
any event that impacts all four domains of development. leads to greater cognitive development, social development, emotional development and physical development
second year
become more motorically skilled and mobile - better at walking, steadier reaching, more purposeful, not fine tuned
fine motor skills
involves more finely-tuned movements 3-6 years of age, reaching and grasping (feeding yourself, holding a ball)
vision
by six months of age = 20/100 vision, by one year of age 20/20 vision.
hearing
during the last 2 months of pregnancy, fetus can hear and detect difference between mom and a strangers voice
touch and pain
respond to both in utero and at birth
smell
breast fed babies show preference for mom’s smell by 6 days old.
taste
sensitivity to taste might be present even before birth, babies show different facial expressions when they taste different solutions at 2 hours of age
-preference for: sweet (breastmilk is sweet)
piaget’s Theory of Infant Development
Piaget proposed that, just as our physical bodies have structures that enable us to adapt to the world, we build mental structures that help us to adapt to the world. Piaget sought to explain how children think differently about their world at successive points in their development and how these systematic changes occur.
What processes do children use as they construct their knowledge of the world?
cognitive processes: schemas, organization, adaptation (assimilation and accommodation), equilibrium
schemas
actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
organization
the grouping or arranging of items into categories - to make sense out of their world.
assimilation
incorporating new information into existing knowledge base (schemas)
accomodation
adjusting schemas to fit new information and experiences
equilbirum
shift from one stage of thought to the next as we experience cognitive conflict or disequlibrium, in trying to understand the world.
The sensorimotor Stage of Development
birth to 2 (infancy), infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences , with physical motor actions
object permanence
the understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they can not be seen, heard or touched. begins to develop around 6-8 months old and does not become fully developed until between 18-24 months old.
babbling and other vocalizations
- crying, 2. cooing (1-2months), 3 babling (6 months,mama, dada)
gestures
8-12 months of age, also a form of communication (pointing, waving, shaking head, etc)
Vocabulary spurt starts at
18 months of age
First words
usually start between 10-15 months old, on average 13 months - 3 words, 18 m-50 words, 24 m -200 words,
two word utterances
18-24 months of age
biological and environmental influences (interactionist view)
Chomsky proposed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way, born with a language acquistion device (LAD) (interacting with environment)
Language acquistion device (LAD)
a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language.
environmental experiences
the support and involvement of caregivers and teachers greatly facilitates a child’s language - reinforcement, imitation
child-directed speech
language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences (baby talk)
receptive speech (language)
is a baby understanding words but not being able to speak them. developing around 9-10 months old. By 1 year they know about 50 words but only speak about 3.
emotions are the first language
sensitive responsive parents help their infants grow emotionally.
emotions at birth - 3 months
sadness, disgust, interest, joy
emotions 2-6 months
anger, surprise
emotions 6-8 months
fear, peaks around 18 months of age (crawling, moving) object permanence
stranger anxiety
an infants fear and wariness of strangers
separation anxiety
an infant’s distressed crying when the care giver leaves.
distinguishing colors.
At birth can distinguish between the colors red and green, by two months of age can distinguish all colors.
self conscious emotions 1 1/2 to 2 years
begin around 18 months, babies begin to realize others are there, see emotions of embarrassment , jealousy and empathy
self conscious emotions 2 1/2 years
see pride, shame and guilt developing
emotional regulation and coping
gradually children develop an ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions (if caregiver has been sensitive and responsive)
temperament
something born with, biological
-an individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding. It is composed primarily of inherited biological factors, seen in early life; as development proceeds, the expression of temperament becomes increasingly influenced by environmental factors.
rhythmicity
regularity of eating, sleeping, and tolieting
activity level
degree of energy or movement
approach-withdrawal
ease of approaching new people and situations
adaptability
ease of toleration change in routine
sensory threshold
amount of stimulation required for responding
predominant quality of mood expression
degree of negative or positive affect
intensity of mood expression
degree of affect when happy, sad, pleased, displeased
distractability/attention span/persistence
ease of being distracted
most important is the fit
a match between the child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.
trust vs. misstrust
erik erickson’s first stage, trust lays the foundation for all social relationships, learn about self through interactions with other people/ being responsive & sensitive to the child’s needs
the developing sense of self and independence
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
laying down foundation for independence; around 18 months of age self awareness begins, 18m - 3 yo have to figure out themselves, have to give child choices, develop a sens of self (a will of my own)
attachment
a close emotional bond between an infant and caregiver
importance of attachment
lays the foundation for further psychological development.
development of attachment
by providing care and being responsive to baby’s needs , begins around 6 months of age, peaks at about 18 months ( safe and secure in environment in order to grow.
The Family
the transition to parenthood- tough not easy
reciprocal socialization- children teach us as we teach them
maternal and paternal care giving
when mom & dad are both involved in caregiving everyone is happier & children develop better
child care
what is ultimately most important is the quality of care.
