Chapter 9 & Chapter 10

Question 1

The Nature of Adolescence

Answer 1

There is a long history of worrying about how adolescents will turn out….the majority of adolescents today have positive self-concepts and positive relationships with others…public attitudes about adolescence emerge from a combination of personal experiences and media portrayals, neither of which produces an objective picture of how normal adolescence develop…in matters of taste and manners, the young people of every generation have seemed radical, unnerving, and different from adults-different in how they look, in how they behave, in the music they enjoy, in their hairstyles, and in the clothing they choose…acting out and boundary testing are time-honored ways in which adolescents move toward accepting, rather than rejecting, parental values.

Question 2

Although the majority of adolescents experience the transition from childhood to adulthood more positively than is portrayed by many adults and the media,

Answer 2

too many adolescents today are not provided with adequate opportunities and support to be competent adults.

Question 3

Puberty

Answer 3

a period of rapid physical and sexual maturation that occurs mainly during early adolescence.

Question 4

What are the determinants of puberty?

Answer 4

nutrition, health, hereditary and body mass

Question 5

When does the beginning of girls growth spurt occur?

Answer 5

around the age of 9

Question 6

When does the beginning of Boys growth spurt occurs?

Answer 6

around the age of 11

Question 7

*****When is the peak rate of pubertal change for girls?

Answer 7

11 1/2

Question 8

*****When is the peak rate of pubertal change for boys?

Answer 8

13 1/2

Question 9

***How much in height in growth spurt does girls and boys increase per year?

Answer 9

girls 3 1/2” and boys 4”

Question 10

Body image

Answer 10

Preoccupation with one’s body image is strong throughout adolescence, but it is especially acute during puberty….in general, throughout puberty, girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images, compared with boys….as puberty changes proceeds, girls often become more dissatisfied with their bodies, probably because their body fat increases, whereas boys become more satisfied as they move through puberty because their muscle mass increases.

Question 11

Early maturation of males

Answer 11

11 1/2 early maturing - perceive themselves more positively and more successful peer relations, in part due to athletic achievement, more attention from girls, disadvantages: being exposed to things not emotionally/socially mature enough to be exposed to. In their 30’s, not as strong of a sense of identity as late maturing males

Question 12

late maturing males

Answer 12

perceive themselves as less, feel physically and social inferior, but they have a better sense of self later in life.

Question 13

early maturing females

Answer 13

experience more problems in school but also enjoy more independence and popularity with boys. Early maturation increases girls vulnerability to a number of problems: smoking, drinking, depression, eating disorders, earlier dating and sexual experiences.

Question 14

late maturing females

Answer 14

socially disadvantaged with boys. At an advantage in their own personal development.

Question 15

The brain

Answer 15

the amygdala (region of the brain that handles the processing of information about emotion) matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex (region of the brain involved in higher order cognitive functioning)…adolescents respond more with “gut” level reactions to emotional stimuli because the region of the brain that plans, sets priorities, suppresses impulses and weighs consequences is still “under construction”.

Question 16

3 undesirable sexual consequences

Answer 16

pregnancy, STI and emotional consequences

Question 17

developing a sexual identity

Answer 17

managing sexual feelings, developing new forms of intimacy, and learning the skills to regulate sexual behavior to avoid undesirable sexual consequences.

Question 18

What percentage of females have intercourse by age 17 in the US?

Answer 18

62%

Question 19

What percentage of males have intercourse by the age of 17 in the US?

Answer 19

64%

Question 20

****By the age of 20, what percentage of US youth have engaged in sexual intercourse?

Answer 20

77%

Question 21

A 2008 study indicated what percentage of US high school students where currently sexually active?

Answer 21

35%

Question 22

What ethnic group adolescents engage in sexual activity the earliest?

Answer 22

African Americans

Question 23

Which adolescent ethnic groups has the most restrictive sexual timetable?

Answer 23

Asian Americans

Question 24

Many adolescents are not emotionally prepared to handle sexual experiences, the earlier boys and girls engage in sexual intercourse,

Answer 24

the more likely they show adjustment problems.

Question 25

Risk Factors

Answer 25

those who engage in sex at early ages (before 16) and have a high number of partners are the least effective users of contraceptives and are at risk for early, unintended pregnancies and for STI. Early sexual behavior is also linked with other risky behaviors such as excessive drinking, drug use, delinquency and school related problems.

Question 26

Contraceptive use

Answer 26

method used most frequently by adolescent girls is the pill (44%) followed by the condom (38%). Sexually active younger adolescents are less likely to use contraceptives than older adolescents. In 2007, among students who are sexually active, 61.5% report using contraceptives the last time they had sexual intercourse - an overall increase.

Question 27

sexually transmitted infections

Answer 27

****every year more than 3 million adolescents (about 1/4 of sexually experienced adolescents) acquire an STI. *****In a single act unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has a 1% risk of getting HIV, a 30% risj of acquiring genital herpes, and a 50% chance of contracting gonorrhea.

Question 28

pregnancy

Answer 28

****the rate of births to adolescents dropped 34 % from 1991 to 2005.**** Reasons: increased contraceptive use, fear of STIs and economic prosperity has motivated adolescents to delay starting a family. Adolescent pregnancy creates health risks for both the baby and the mother.

Question 29

Adolescent health: many of the factors linked to poor health habits and early death in the adult years being during adolescence. The goals are to:

Answer 29

1. reduce adolescent health compromising behaviors such as: drug abuse, violence, unprotected sex, dangerous driving (adolescents seek experiences that create high intensity feelings, excitement and arousal) 2. increase health enhancing behaviors such at eating nutritiously, exercising, wearing seat belts, and getting more sleep. (need to enforce laws (higher ages for drinking, driving, more expensive for cigarettes) and expand services (contraceptive availability, mental health services) to reduce behaviors vs. trying to appeal to their cognitive side.

Question 30

adolescents lack self-regulatory skills

Answer 30

have an inclination to engage in risk-taking behavior, therefore need more adult supervision and guidance,

Question 31

*****When given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of

Answer 31

9 1/2 hours a night. Most get considerably less than nine hours of sleep, especially during the week.

Question 32

schools who have started classes later for adolescents (8:30am) have found

Answer 32

fewer referral for discipline problems, and the number of students who report being ill or depressed has decreased. And for high school student- improved test scores.

Question 33

1st leading cause of death in adolescents, accidents

Answer 33

more than half of all deaths in adolescents are due to accidents and most of those involve motor vehicle accidents; in about 50% of those the driver has a BAC of .10%

Question 34

2nd leading cause of death, homicide

Answer 34

especially high among African American males, who are three times more likely to be killed by guns than by natural causes.

Question 35

3rd leading cause of death, suicide

Answer 35

rate has tripled since the 1950s

Question 36

Substance use and abuse, trends

Answer 36

high school seniors use has declined slightly since 1998, but still highest among industrialized nations.

Question 37

most used drugs

Answer 37

1. alcohol, 2 marijuana, 3. nicotine

Question 38

Alcohol

Answer 38

is the most commonly used and abused substance. virtually every adolescent has had some experience with alcohol. 30% of high school seniors said they had been in a vehicle with a drugged or drinking driver in the past two weeks.

Question 39

tobacco*****

Answer 39

cigarette smoking is on the decline (peaked '96-'97)..risk factors for becoming a regular smoker include; having a weak academic orientation, having a friend who smokes and experiencing low parental support. *****Most likely to begin in grades 7-9.

Question 40

marijuana

Answer 40

used increased during the 1990s and has recently leveled off.

Question 41

abuse of prescription

Answer 41

alarming trend

Question 42

What is the reason why they use drugs?

Answer 42

Because it is "in" to do so and because it makes them feel good (finding relief, comfort or security; "coping" vs "enhancement"

Question 43

some say they don't use because

Answer 43

fear of getting caught, damage it might do and because it is "wrong"

Question 44

a special concern is when drugs are used as a way of coping

Answer 44

can interfere with the development of competent coping skills and responsible decision making. Positive relationships with parents and others are important in reducing adolescent drug use.

Question 45

Family of Origin correlates with excessive drug use include

Answer 45

negative relationship and low degree of support from parents; parents are users (most powerful influence on initiation of use) and sibling use

Question 46

Social and Psychological Correlates include

Answer 46

peers who use and approve use; psychological distress and feelings of depression; interpersonal distress, lack of self-confidence, self-rejection

Question 47

Piaget's Formal Operational Stage (11+)

Answer 47

may be delayed significantly and may never take shape. Social environment can accelerate or delay onset. Only 40% have progressed beyond concrete operations by high school graduation.

Question 48

Four major Aspects of Piaget's Formal Operational Stage

Answer 48

1. Introspection 2. Abstract reasoning 3. logical thinking 4. hypothetical reasoning

Question 49

introspection

Answer 49

thinking about thought

Question 50

abstract reasoning

Answer 50

going beyond the "what is real" to "what is possible"; able to think about what "might be"; becoming inventive, imaginative, and original in their thinking and "possibility dominates reality"

Question 51

logical thinking

Answer 51

being able to consider all important facts and ideas and to form correct conclusion, such as the ability to determine cause and effect

Question 52

hypothetical reasoning

Answer 52

formulating hypotheses and examining the evidence for them, considering numerous variables; can test theories scientifically and logically, considering several variables and are able to discover truth scientifically

Question 53

idealism

Answer 53

because they can distinguish the possible from the real...they imagine what could be...realize that the actual is less than the ideal...become idealist rebels and champions of the underdog...they can empathize with the underdog and the oppressed, feeling that it mirrors their own inner conflicts

Question 54

self-consciousness and egocentrism

Answer 54

because they have the capacity to think about their own thoughts (introspection) it makes them acutely aware of themselves.....becomes so concerned about self, they conclude that others are equally concerned/obsessed. -feel like they are on "stage"...react to an imaginary audience - extremely self conscious

Question 55

personal fable

Answer 55

belief in the uniqueness of one's own experience ("it won't happen to me, it only happens to others")

Question 56

The transition to Middle or Junior High School

Answer 56

experience of the Top Dog phenomenon - first year can be difficult- takes place at a time when many changes are occuring simultaneously

Question 57

***What was the total drop out rate in the year 2006?

Answer 57

9.3 %, the highest drop out rate is for Native American youth- less than 50 % of NA youth will finish their high school education

Question 58

What are the reasons for dropping out?

Answer 58

- 50 % cite school related reasons, such as not liking school or being expelled or suspended. - 20 % (about 40% of latino students) cite economic reasons for leaving school - one-third of female students dropped out for personal reasons such as pregnancy

Question 59

What did the most effective school-based dropout programs provide?

Answer 59

Early reading programs, tutoring, counseling and mentoring

Question 60

Participation in extracurricular activities is linked to what?

Answer 60

higher grades, school engagement, less likelihood of dropping out of school, improved probability of going to college, higher self-esteem and lower rates of depression, delinquency, and substance abuse.

Question 61

autonomy and attachment

Answer 61

at the beginning of adolescence, don't have the knowledge to make appropriate or mature decisions in all areas of life

Question 62

As the adolescent pushes for autonomy,

Answer 62

the wise adult lets go in those areas in which the adolescent can make reasonable decisions but continues to guide the adolescent in areas where adolescent knowledge is more limited. Gradually, adolescent acquire the ability to make mature decisions on their own.

Question 63

Why does conflict with parents escalate beyond childhood levels?

Answer 63

Biological changes in puberty, cognitive changes involving increased idealism, social changes focused on independence, maturational changes in parents, and expectations that are violated by parents and adolescents.

Question 64

What does most conflicts involve?

Answer 64

Every day family events such as: keeping a bedroom clean, dressing neatly, getting home by a certain time, and not talking forever on the phone.

Question 65

Parents who recognize that this transition takes time

Answer 65

react more competently and calmly rather than demand conformity or let them do what they please without supervision.

Question 66

When do things usually get better?

Answer 66

As adolescents move from early to late adolescence.

Question 67

Friendships

Answer 67

Dramatic increase in the psychological importance and intimacy of close friends during early adolescence as they play an important role in shaping adolescents well-being and development.

Question 68

Adolescents who fail to forge close friendships

Answer 68

experience painful feelings of loneliness, coupled with a reduced sense of self-worth.

Question 69

***In what grades are adolescents more likely to conform to peer pressure

Answer 69

grades 7,8,9- especially to their antisocial standards-14-18 is an especially important time for developing the ability to stand up for what one believes and resist peer pressure to do otherwise.

Question 70

cliques

Answer 70

small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5-6 individuals.

Question 71

crowds

Answer 71

larger group in structure- usually formed based on reputation and members may or may not spend much time together.....jocks, populars, normals, druggies or toughs, and nobodies.

Question 72

Dating and romantic relationships

Answer 72

the functions of dating and romantic relationships tend to change over the course of adolescence.

Question 73

Young adolescence

Answer 73

context for exploring how attractive they are, how they should romantically interact with someone, and how it all looks to their peers.

Question 74

older adolescence

Answer 74

fulfilling attachment and sexual needs

Question 75

dating and adjustment

Answer 75

dating at an early age has been linked with several problems- pregnancy, problems at home and school. Girls who co-ruminate and are romantically involved are at higher risk for depression.

Question 76

Why do girls have a higher rate of depression?

Answer 76

females tend to ruminate in their depressed mood and amplify it, self-images (especially body-image) are more negative, face more discrimination, puberty occurs earlier (during middle school)

Question 77

While girls are more likely to attempt suicide than boys

Answer 77

but boys are more likely to commit suicide. Males use more violent methods.

Question 78

What is the most frequently cited factor associated with adolescent suicide?

Answer 78

Depression. But a sense of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and high self-blame are also associated with adolescent suicide.

Question 79

The interrelation of problems and successful prevention/intervention programs

Answer 79

- the most at risk adolescents have more than one problem and are often interrelated - programs that are successful in preventing or reducing adolescent problems have; intensive individualized attention, community-wide multi-agency collaborative approaches, and early identification and intervention

Question 80

self-esteem

Answer 80

the overall way we evaluate ourselves. self-esteem tends to drop during adolescence, with girls decreasing more than boys possible due to greater negative body image and greater interest in relationships and society's failure to reward that interest.

Question 81

erikson's 5th stage of psychosocial development, identity vs role/identity confusions

Answer 81

according to erikson, the chief psychosocial task of adolescence is the establishment of an identity (who am I?) - vocational/career, political, religious, relationship, intellectual/achievement, sexual, gender, cultural/ethnic, interest, personality, physical (some are established before others).

Question 82

psychosocial moratorium

Answer 82

socially sanctioned period between childhood and adulthood during which the individual is free to experiment to find a socially acceptable identity and role (explore, question and decision making).

Question 83

Four Identity statuses

Answer 83

james marcia (crisis and commitment are absent/low or present/high)

Question 84

crisis

Answer 84

exploration of alternatives

Question 85

commitment

Answer 85

personal investment in identity

Question 86

identity diffusion

Answer 86

have not yet experienced an "identity crisis", little to no exploration, no commitment to a religion, political philosophy, sex role, occupation or personal standards of behavior (developmentallu the most unsophisticated) crisis= low and commitment= low.

Question 87

identity foreclosure

Answer 87

individual who has undergone no, or very little, exploration and remains firmly committed to childhood-based values. They have not experienced a "crisis", but have made commitments to occupations and ideologies that have been handed down to them (usually by parents). (religious) crisis= low commitment= high

Question 88

identity moratorium

Answer 88

("period of delay granted to someone who is not yet ready to make a decision or assume an obligation") - exploration period; vague commitments crisis= high commitment= low

Question 89

identity achievement

Answer 89

gone through a period of exploration of alternatives and have made well-defined commitments crisis=high commitment=high

Question 90

emerging adulthood and beyond

Answer 90

18-26

Question 91

healthy identity= "MAMA" cycles=

Answer 91

moratorium to achievement to moratorium to achievement. a healthy identity is flexible and adoptive, open to changes

Question 92

Family influences

Answer 92

a family atmosphere that promotes both individuality and connectedness promotes identity development.

Question 93

individuality

Answer 93

adolescent has to have own mind, own interest, own point of view

Question 94

connectedness

Answer 94

need to be respectful and open to other people's opinions as well.