chapter 7 and Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is the body growth and change in middle and late childhood (6-11)?
Slow and consistent growth. Grow on average 2-3 inches per year and gain about 5-7 lbs per year. Strength capabilities are doubled during this time.
Changes in the brain from 6-11.
advances in the prefrontal cortex are linked to children’s improved attention, reasoning and cognitive control.
Motor development and exercise from 6-11.
become much smoother and more coordinated. gain greater control over their bodies and can sit for longer periods of time, but still need to be active. They become more fatigued by long periods of sitting than by running, jumping, or bicycling. Around the age of 6 start organized play.
Health, illness and disease, 6-11
for the most part, a time of excellent health
6-11, accidents and injuries
most common cause of severe injury and death. kids and parents overestimate their skills and abilities
increased risk of accidents are due to
children are more active, #1 caused by being hit while riding a bike and not wearing a helmet.
What is the second leading cause of death in US children?
cancer, one in every 330 children in the US develops cancer before the age of 19 - the most common cancer is leukemia.
Overweight children
obese children become obese adolescent (25%), obese adolescents become obese adults (75%)
eating habits and lifestyle habits begin in childhood.
obesity is a risk factor for many physical and psychological problems.
What percentage of children in the US receive special education or related services?
14%, of this the largest percentage are kids with learning (ADHD included in this category), followed by speech or language impairments, mentally retarded and emotionally disturbed.
Until what year did most US public schools either refused enrollment to children with disabilities or inadequately serve them?
1970s
What year was The Education for All Handicapped Children Act ,which required that all students with disabilities be given free, appropriate public education, started ?
in 1975
The Education for All Handicapped Children act became the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in
1990
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act in 2004, it mandates
services such as an IEP, individualized education plant and the least restrictive environment (LRE).
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory , concrete operations (7-11)
are also mental actions that are reversible. They can coordinate several characteristics rather than focus on a single property of an object. They can classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelationships. Less egocentric, starts at age 9, empathy starts to build. And are able to distinguish between fantasy and reality.
What are operations?
mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they had done physically before.
Achievement in school
Learn best by doing
learning occurs naturally, should not push or pressure kids into achieving too much too early in their development, before they are maturationally ready.
Factors that affect school success
heredity, physical, learning disabilities, achievement motivation, dysfunctional family relationships and divorce, one -parent families, socioeconomic influences and self-fulfilling prophecy
heredity and school success
- IQ, 70% difference due to genetics; temperament, the inability to pay attention is the number 1 behavior issue affecting school success
school success and physical
- nutrition, influences brain development, vision and hearing, being tired
learning disabilities
improper diagnosis or late diagnosis undermines self-efficacy
self-efficacy
the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. critical factor in achievement, real life accomplishments
self-regulation
deliberate efforts to manage one’s behavior, emotions and thoughts, leading to increased social competence and achievement.
dysfunctional family relationships and divorce
higher levels of chaos undermines our security which makes it difficult to learn.
one-parent families
less resources, less help and support.
sociocultural influences
more chaos, fewer resources, fewer communication between parent and child.
self-fulfilling prophecy
people live up to the expectations of others. By end of first grade, patterns for school achievements has been established. By end of 3rd grade can predict with great accuracy who is going to drop out of high school
parents of high achieving students
provide time, place and supplies for study
become involved in their child’s education
set time for meals, homework and sleep
show interest in child’s school day and work
monitor TV
What matters most is
parents’ expectations and views of education.
The Self
When children begin to define themselves through external and internal characteristics and recognize differences between inner and out states.
How are children likely to define themselves (6-11)?
In terms of social characteristics, social aspects, and social comparisons.
How do 6-11 year olds understand others?
in middle and late childhood, children show an increase in perspective taking.
What is perspective taking?
the ability to assume other peoples perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings.
Why is perspective taking important?
It is especially thought to be important in whether children develop pro-social or anti-social attitudes and behavior
What is self-esteem?
global evaluations of self, how I feel about myself
What is self-concept?
domain specific evaluations of self, how I see myself
inflated self-esteem vs. realistic, accurate self-esteem
comes from real life situations
What is self-efficacy?
It is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. Students with high self-efficacy are more likely to expend effort and persist longer, while low self-efficacy individuals may avoid learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.
What is self-regulation?
the increased capacity to self-regulate is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts leading to increased social competence & achievement.
How to increase self-esteem?
identify the cause of low self-esteem
provide emotional support and social approval
help children achieve
help children cope
What is Erikson’s 4th stage?
Industry vs inferiority
Industry vs inferiority
children become interested in how things are made and how they work- when encouraged in their efforts to make- a sense of industry is developed, if seen as “making a mess” or being “mischief” a sense of inferiority develops
Emotional development, developmental changes
- an increased ability to understand complex emotions such as pride and shame - they become more internalized and integrated with a sense of personal responsibility
- an increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced at a time
- an increased tendency to take into fuller account the events leading to emotional reactions
- marked improvements in the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
- the use of self initiated strategies to redirect feelings
- the capacity for genuine empathy.
What is emotional intelligence?
A form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action.
Developmental changes in parent-child relationships
- as kids move into this stage, parents spend considerably less time with them, but remain extremely important socializing agents in their kids lives.
new issues appear by the age of 7
chores, help kids learn to entertain themselves, monitoring their lives outside of the family in school and peer settings
monitoring school-related matters are very important
difficulties in school are the #1 reason that kids in this age group are referred for clinical help
discipline
is often easier during this time than during childhood (and possible adolescence) due to cognitive maturity; a child can be reasoned with and they have greater ability to control their behavior.
coregulation
some control is gradually transferred from parent to child; parents continue to exercise general supervision and control, while children are allowed to engage in moment to moment self-regulation
friends
socially skilled and supportive friends are developmentally advantages, coercive and conflict-ridden friendships are not. Having friends is important; kids with no friends engage in less pro-social behavior, have lower grades, and are emotionally distressed.
popular
frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers
-give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited.
average
receive an average of both positive and negative nominations from peers
neglected
infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
-don’t interact with peers frequently and are often described as shy
rejected
- infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
- often have more serious adjustment problems, more likely express desire to avoid school and more likely to report being lonely
controversial
frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked
kids need help in knowing
how to get and keep friends
