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Lifespan Development > Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The average child grows in height and gains in pounds how much per year during early childhood?

A

2 1/2 inch in height and 5-7 lbs

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2
Q

Does the percentage of increase in height and weight decrease or increase each additional year?

A

decrease

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3
Q

During early childhood (3-6) are girls or boys slightly smaller & lighter?

A

girls

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4
Q

What is variation in size due to?

A

heredity and environment

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5
Q

What are the factor that influence size?

A

nutrition, sleep patterns, illnesses and socioeconomic status

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6
Q

Does the brain grow more rapidly in infancy or early childhood?

A

infancy

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7
Q

What do the changes in the brain in early childhood enable children to do?

A

plan their actions, attend to stimuli more effectively and make considerable strides in language development.

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8
Q

What does the development of gross motor skills lead to?

A

ability to become involved in organized physical activities.

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9
Q

From 3-6 years of age, the most rapid growth in the brains takes place where?

A

frontal lobe cortex

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10
Q

What is the frontal lobe cortex involved in?

A

planning & organizing and in maintaining attention to task.

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11
Q

At 3 years of age children enjoy simple movements like what?

A

hopping, jumping and running, (they take considerable pride in showing their abilities

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12
Q

At 4 years of age they become more __________

A

adventurous

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13
Q

At 5 years of age children become even more adventurous, they enjoy

A

climbing and racing with each other.

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14
Q

What type of play characterize 3-6 year olds?

A

rough and tumble

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15
Q

The development of this type of motor skill leads to more abilities to care for self. (brushing teeth, own toiletry, brushing own hair, pouring glass of milk)

A

fine motor skills

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16
Q

By the age of six most children will eat……..

A

whatever is put in front of them.

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17
Q

What a child eats will affect their?

A

Skeletal growth, body shape, and susceptibility to illness and disease

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18
Q

How many calories a day does the average preschooler require?

A

1700 calories a day

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19
Q

Has the percentage of obese kids increased or decrease dramatically in recent decades?

A

increased

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20
Q

Prevention of obesity in children includes…..

A

helping kids and parents see food as a way to satisfy hunger and nutritional needs not as a proof of love or as a reward.

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21
Q

What is one of the most common nutritional problems in early childhood that results in chronic fatigue?

A

iron deficiency anemia

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22
Q

What is the leading cause of death in early childhood (3-6 years old)?

A

accidents

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23
Q

What type of accidents that cause death in 3-6 years old are most prevalent?

A

motor vehicle, drowning, falls and poisoning

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24
Q

What influences children’s safety in childhood?

A

The acquisition and practice of individual safety skills, home or parental influences, school influences and the local community.

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25
Q

What is the chief factor associated with poor health?

A

Socioeconomic status. some problems are: poor nutrition, exposed to pollutants, poor healthcare, poor neighborhoods and more likely to be exposed to lead poisoning.

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26
Q

How many children under the age of 6 are thought to be at risk for lead poisoning?

A

3 million

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27
Q

What are some negative effects of lead poisoning?

A

brain damage, can lead to mental retardation, attention deficit disorder

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28
Q

What is Piaget’s Preoperational Stage?

A

From 2-7, children begin to represent the world with words, images and drawings. The child does not yet perform operations.

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29
Q

What are operations?

A

Reversible mental actions; they allow children to do mentally, what before they could do only physically.

30
Q

What is preoperational?

A

it is the beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior. a child cannot yet think something through without acting it out. it is the beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior

31
Q

What is the symbolic function substage?

A

Ages 2-4, gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (symbolic functioning). Limits - egocentrism and animism

32
Q

What is the inability to distinguish between one’s perspective and someone else’s perspective?

A

egocentrism

33
Q

What is the belief that inanimate objects have life like qualities and are capable of action?

A

animism

34
Q

What is the Intuitive Thought Substage?

A

Ages 4-7, begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions. Difficulty understanding events they know are happening but cannot see…can’t answer question “what if…”

35
Q

What is magical thinking?

A

thinking they make things happen just by thinking or wishing them.

36
Q

What is centration?

A

The focusing or centering or attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

37
Q

What is conservation?

A

Awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its quantative properties,

38
Q

What is Vygotsky’s theory?

A

like Piaget- child actively construct their knowledge and understanding- but thought of kids as more social creatures and that they develop their ways of thinking and understanding primarily through social interaction. Their cognitive development depends on the tools provided by society, and their minds are shaped by the cultural context in which they live.

39
Q

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

A

Tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with the assistance of adults or more skilled kids.

40
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

changing the level of support by adjusting the amount of guidance to fit the child’s current performance.

41
Q

What is Project Head Start?

A

1965, part of the war on poverty, federally funded, designed to help low income kids get the opportunities and skills needed to be successful in school, cognitive and social development.

42
Q

What is self-understanding?

A

how they think about themselves (self-concept) is very concrete, specific and exaggerated…I have a cat, I live in a blue house, I am the fastest runner
The child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the the child’s self-conceptions.

43
Q

What is emotional coaching?

A

monitor children’s emotions, view negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in regulating and identifying emotions and coach them how to cope effectively. Their children end up being better at soothing themselves, more effective in regulating their emotions, focus their attention better and have fewer behavior disruptions.

44
Q

What is emotional dismissing?

A

Deny, ignore, or dismiss negative emotions.

45
Q

What is an authoritarian parenting style?

A

They value control and unquestioning obedience. They try to make children conform to a set standard of conduct and punish them for violating it, often using physical punishment. They are more detached and less warm than other parents. Their children tend to be more distrustful, anxious and withdrawn.

46
Q

What is an indulgent (permissive) parenting style?

A

They value self expression and self regulation. They make few demands and allow children to monitor their own activities as much as possible. They consult with children about family decisions and rarely punish. They are non-controlling, non-demanding, and relatively warm. Their preschool children tend to be immature- the least self-controlled and the least exploratory.

47
Q

What is an authoritative parent style?

A

They value a child’s individuality but also stress social values. They have confidence in their ability to guide children, but they also respect children’s independent decisions, interests, opinions and personalities. They are loving and accepting but also demand good behavior, are firm in maintaining standards, and are willing to impose limited, judicious punishment when necessary, within the context of a warm, supportive relationship. They favor inductive discipline. Their children feel secure. These preschoolers tend to be the most self complaint, self controlled, self assertive, exploratory and content.

48
Q

What is an neglectful/uninvolved/indifferent parenting style?

A

parent can not take care of child’s needs because they can not take care of their own needs. ex: parents with mental illness, going through grief, etc.

49
Q

What is the goal of discipline?

A

To sensitize the conscious and to develop self-control.

50
Q

William F. Bennet, co-director of Empower America said

A

“Disciple is a very important part of the concept of love. The point of discipline is to set responsible limits and reinforce good conduct. I am convinced that children understand intuitively that discipline is a sign of love; that is enforcing rules and providing order and structure are signs that parent care enough to pay attention.”

51
Q

What is the type of punishment which happens after behavior has happened and includes yelling, screaming and spanking?

A

Power Assertion

52
Q

This type of punishment use techniques to bring about appropriate behavior: reason and explain things. It’s a give and take and its setting limits.

A

Inductive Technique

53
Q

This type of punishment sends the message that I don’t like you, it comes after the behavior and things like “I can’t stand looking at your face.” are said to the child.

A

Withdrawal of love

54
Q

What is it called when you remove the child from the situation or the situation from the child?

A

environmental manipulation

55
Q

What are parenting discipline strategies in order to achieve their goal with the child?

A
  1. loving, trusting relationship of mutual esteem
  2. consistent rather than erratic; parents agree
  3. response involves rewards and punishments
  4. apply soon after offense
  5. avoid affliction of pain, including spanking
    • feelings of resentment and rejections
    • stimulates harsh, cruel behavior in kids
    • avoidance of parent therefore less effective
  6. becomes less effective if it is too strict or too often applied
  7. should vary with the child’s age and level of understanding
56
Q

What does child abuse stem from?

A

A lot of child abuse stems from discipline (intentional or unintentional)

57
Q

Statistics of child abuse

A

1979 - Dr’s were the first mandated reporters

880,000 reported cases of child abuse per year

58
Q

What are the types of child abuse?

A

physical, neglect, sexual (anything, exposure…..), emotional (terrorizing)

59
Q

The cultural context of child abuse.

A

violent society, violence everywhere, mind your own business culture.

60
Q

The familial context of child abuse.

A

Families that are more at risk are isolated, stressed out, uneducated, young parents, and poor.

61
Q

The child which is more at risk of child abuse

A

are needy, and children with disabilities.

62
Q

What does it take to be a good parent?

A

time and effort

63
Q

Are children better adjusted in intact, never-divorced families than in divorced families?

A

Yes, overall. Best for the child unless there is abuse.

64
Q

Should parents stay together for the sake of the children?

A

Yes, unless there is abuse

65
Q

How much do family processes matter in divorced families?

A

A lot

66
Q

What factors are involved in the child’s individual risk and vulnerability in a divorced family?

A

having access to the non-custodial parent

67
Q

How much do children watch television?

A

Children watch television more than any other activity except sleep, an average of 26 hours per week.

68
Q

What are the negative influences of television?

A

takes away from homework, violence, sterotypes, makes us more passive and an unrealistic view of the world.

69
Q

How can television have a positive impact?

A

Educational programming, pro social behavior, and increases our views of the world.

70
Q

This is Eriksons 3rd stage. that involves…kids need to know what is expected of them, they need structure and guidance to become comfortable with taking the initiative - they want a purpose. virtue=purpose

A

initiative vs guilt -

Lifespan Development (9 decks)

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