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ISA > Chapter Overview > Flashcards

Chapter Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Meristems

A

Tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium and latent buds.

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

Changes their structure and permits them to assume a variety of specific functions.

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3
Q

Primary growth

A

Growth of shoots and roots.

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4
Q

Secondary growth

A

Growth in diameter

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5
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural component of the primary cell wall

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6
Q

Lignin

A

formed in the cell walls of the wood, provides the strength and rigidity that allows trees to grow tall

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7
Q

What are the 4 primary functions of xylem

A

Conduction of water and dissolved minerals

Support of the weight of the tree

Storage of carbohydrates

Defense against spread of disease and decay

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8
Q

Symplasm

Apoplasm

A

Living tissue

Non living tissue

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9
Q

What is xylem of gymnosperms composed of

A

Tracheids, fibers and parenchyma cells

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10
Q

Vessels

A

End to end tubelike water conducting cells in xylem angiosperms

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11
Q

Ring porous trees

A

Elm
Oak
Ash

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12
Q

Diffuse porous trees

A

Maple
Plane tree
Poplar
Beech

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13
Q

Sieve cells are found in

Sieve tube elements and companion cells found

A

Conifers

Hardwood

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14
Q

Rays transport

A

Carbohydrates, store carbs as starch and decrease decay in woods.

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15
Q

Epicormic

A

When dormant buds grow

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16
Q

Anthocyanins

A

Produce colors in leaves like red and purple

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17
Q

Carotenoids

A

Produce yellow, oranges and reds

18
Q

Cytokinins

A

Produced in roots, makes growth

19
Q

Types of cuts

A

Reduction, thinning and heading cuts

20
Q

Reduction cut

A

When reducing the length of a limb by cutting back to a lateral branch.

21
Q

Heading cuts

A

Involves cutting limbs to a stub, bud or lateral branch not large enough to assume terminal role. Stimulate growth.

22
Q

5 steps of training young trees

A 
Remove dead, dying branches
Choose a dominant leader
Establish permanent branch
Establish scaffold branches
Selection and subordination of temporary branches
23
Q

Pruning methods

A 
Crown cleaning
Thinning
Reduction
Restoration
Raising
24
Q

Crown raising

A

Removes lower branches of a tree in order to provide clearance

25
Q

Crown restoration

A

Consists of selective removal of some water sprouts, stubs and dead branches to improve a tree

26
Q

Espalier

A

Combo of pruning and training branches that are oriented in one plane, usually supported on a wall, fence or trellis

27
Q

Throw line

A

Set up a rope in the tree by using a shot pouch device.

28
Q

Soft rot

A

Similar to brown (degrades the cellulose) and white rot. Decay of plant tissues within the cell walls.

29
Q

Sapwood rot

A

Located in the bark or sap. Will have fruiting bodies.

30
Q

Resonance testing

A

Sounding with a hard plastic or other suitable mallet.

31
Q

Increment borer

A

Can be used to bore into trunk or root tissue and extract a core of wood for further examination.

32
Q

Tomogram

A

Pictures of the inside of a tree showing areas of decayed wood.

33
Q

Witches broom

A

abnormal development of multiple secondary shoots, forming a broom like effect.

34
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of tissue

35
Q

Diagnosing disease in trees

A 
Identify plant
Look for a pattern of abnormality
Carefully examine site
Note color, size and thickness of foliage
Check trunk and branches
Examine roots and root collar
36
Q

What do borers eat?

A

Inner bark, phloem, cambium and xylem

36
Q

Honeydew

A

Serves as a substrate for nonpathogenic fungus called sooty mold

36
Q

Symptoms of nematode

A

Swelling, deformation, galls, stunting, chlorosis and wilting

37
Q

Verticillium wilt

A

Example of vascular wilt disease

38
Q

Species that require sweating (due to bare roots storage in a cooler

A

Hackberry, birch, honeylocust, sugar maple, oaks

39
Q

In a branch, xylem is oriented

A

Downward

40
Q

Vigor

Vitality

A

Resist stress

Thrive in an environment

ISA (17 decks)

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