Chapter Overview Flashcards
Meristems
Tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium and latent buds.
Differentiation
Changes their structure and permits them to assume a variety of specific functions.
Primary growth
Growth of shoots and roots.
Secondary growth
Growth in diameter
Cellulose
Structural component of the primary cell wall
Lignin
formed in the cell walls of the wood, provides the strength and rigidity that allows trees to grow tall
What are the 4 primary functions of xylem
Conduction of water and dissolved minerals
Support of the weight of the tree
Storage of carbohydrates
Defense against spread of disease and decay
Symplasm
Apoplasm
Living tissue
Non living tissue
What is xylem of gymnosperms composed of
Tracheids, fibers and parenchyma cells
Vessels
End to end tubelike water conducting cells in xylem angiosperms
Ring porous trees
Elm
Oak
Ash
Diffuse porous trees
Maple
Plane tree
Poplar
Beech
Sieve cells are found in
Sieve tube elements and companion cells found
Conifers
Hardwood
Rays transport
Carbohydrates, store carbs as starch and decrease decay in woods.
Epicormic
When dormant buds grow
Anthocyanins
Produce colors in leaves like red and purple
Carotenoids
Produce yellow, oranges and reds
Cytokinins
Produced in roots, makes growth
Types of cuts
Reduction, thinning and heading cuts
Reduction cut
When reducing the length of a limb by cutting back to a lateral branch.
Heading cuts
Involves cutting limbs to a stub, bud or lateral branch not large enough to assume terminal role. Stimulate growth.
5 steps of training young trees
Remove dead, dying branches Choose a dominant leader Establish permanent branch Establish scaffold branches Selection and subordination of temporary branches
Pruning methods
Crown cleaning Thinning Reduction Restoration Raising
Crown raising
Removes lower branches of a tree in order to provide clearance
Crown restoration
Consists of selective removal of some water sprouts, stubs and dead branches to improve a tree
Espalier
Combo of pruning and training branches that are oriented in one plane, usually supported on a wall, fence or trellis
Throw line
Set up a rope in the tree by using a shot pouch device.
Soft rot
Similar to brown (degrades the cellulose) and white rot. Decay of plant tissues within the cell walls.
Sapwood rot
Located in the bark or sap. Will have fruiting bodies.
Resonance testing
Sounding with a hard plastic or other suitable mallet.
Increment borer
Can be used to bore into trunk or root tissue and extract a core of wood for further examination.
Tomogram
Pictures of the inside of a tree showing areas of decayed wood.
Witches broom
abnormal development of multiple secondary shoots, forming a broom like effect.
Necrosis
Death of tissue
Diagnosing disease in trees
Identify plant Look for a pattern of abnormality Carefully examine site Note color, size and thickness of foliage Check trunk and branches Examine roots and root collar
What do borers eat?
Inner bark, phloem, cambium and xylem
Honeydew
Serves as a substrate for nonpathogenic fungus called sooty mold
Symptoms of nematode
Swelling, deformation, galls, stunting, chlorosis and wilting
Verticillium wilt
Example of vascular wilt disease
Species that require sweating (due to bare roots storage in a cooler
Hackberry, birch, honeylocust, sugar maple, oaks
In a branch, xylem is oriented
Downward
Vigor
Vitality
Resist stress
Thrive in an environment
