Chapter one Flashcards
Communication
A form of social behavior that affects the actions of each participant.
Language (Linguistic definition)
A system of symbols and codes used in communication.
Language (behavioral)
A form of social behavior,shaped and maintained by a verbal community.
Language can be seen as
a means of interaction and as a form of social behavior.
social survival
The ability to thrive as a social person.
Animal vs. human communication
Human communication is a social interaction while animal communication comes from instinctive for survival.
voice is an essential element of…
oral communication, without voice there is no vocal communication
What is the most important structure that lays the foundation for oral communication?
Larynx
Vocal folds
The vibration of the vocal folds are the source of human voice
Articulation
The movement of the speech mechanism to produce the sounds of speech.
Phonology
The study of speech sounds and sound patterns used to create words.
Phonetics
Production perception and classification of speech sounds. Primary concerned with how sounds are organized
Phoneme
sound or group of speech sounds
syllables
vowels or vowels combined with consonants
speech
the production of phonemes, articulated sounds, and syllables constitute speech
Oral language
When the production of speech sounds is organized into a higher level of words and sentences that generates meaning.
Expressive language
language produced, speech
Receptive language
Language understood, listening
Linguistics
The study of language, its structure and the rules that governs that structure.
Morphology
the study of structures
morpheme
is the smallest meaningful unit of a language
syntax
the arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences
Transformational generative theory
syntax structures are the essence of language.
Language competence
innate and perfect knowledge of the rules of the universal grammar which apply to all languages.
Language performance
the actual production of languages
surface structure
the actual arrangement of words in a syntactic order
Deep structure
primarily holds the rules of sentence formation
transformation
is an operation that relates deep and surface structures and yields different forms of sentences. it is a process by which a speaker arranges and rearranges words to change sentences
Semantics
The study of meaning in language
referent theory of meaning
The meaning of a words is the object person or event to which it refers
content theory
structure or form of language has content which is its meaning
cognitive process
meaning is in the concepts we talk about
possession
understanding the semantic notion of “My”
nomination
simply naming objects
agent
the person in “daddy cut the grass”
Pragmatics
The study of the rules that govern the use of language in social situations.
speech act
every utterance is a speech act which means that utterances influence listeners
instrumental function
we try to get what we want
regulatory function
we try to get others to do what we want them to do
interactional function
we engage others in social interaction
verbal behavior (Skinner)
a form of social behavior maintained by the actions of a verbal community.
functional unit
a class or group of verbal responses that are produced under similar circumstances and receive similar consequences.
consequence
is what a listener or listeners say or do.
reinforcer
is an event that follows a response and makes that response more likely in the future
Punisher
is an event that follows a response and makes that response less likely in the future
verbal operants
they are different classes of verbal behaviors learned under specific conditions and produced under similarly specific conditions.
mand
a verbal operant of verbal behavior that is caused by deprivation or need. requests, commands and demands.
Tact
a group of verbal responses that describe and comment on the things and events around the speaker.
echoics
imitative verbal responses whose stimuli are the speech of another person.
Intraverbals
a group of verbal responses that are stimulated by the speaker’s own prior verbal responses.
Much of our conversational speech consists of
tacts and intraverbals
Autoclitics
skinner’s term for grammar and related responses
secondary verbal responses that help point out the causes of primary verbal responses.
Fluency
is easy smooth, flowing, and relatively effortless speech
Prosody
variations in rate, pitch, loudness, stress, intonation, and rhythm of continuous speech.
Hearing
is essential for normally acquired verbal communication. The biological mechanism of human hearing includes the ear, auditory nerve, and brain.
speech language pathology
is concerned with the study and understanding of human communication and its disorders, and assessment and treatment of those disorders.
Audiology
is concerned with the study and understanding of normal and disorders hearing, and the rehabilitation of individuals with hearing impairments.
Disordered speech
deviates from the speech of other persons, calls attention to itself, interferes with communication emphasizes deviancy from the normal and the problem it creates for effective communication.. Causes distress to both the speaker and listener.
Etiology
the study of causes of diseases and disorders
organic and functional.
organic disorders
caused by some defect in the neurophysiological mechanism of speech.
Functiona/ ideopathicl disorders
those that don’t have a demonstrable organic or neurological cause. It is presumed that the orgin is faulty learning, environment, habits, emotional problems or other unknowns.
aphasia
direct result of brain damage. Ex. a person who suffers a stroke and sustains damage to the left side of the brain is likely to lose some or most of his or her speaking ability.
congenital disorder
noticed at the time of birth or soon thereafter
acquired
a communicative disorder when there has been a period of normal communication.
Voice categories
Aphonia and dysphonia
Articulation categories
Phonological disorders and motor speech disorders
Language categories
morphological deficits syntactic deficits semantic deficits and pragmatic deficits.
Fluency categories
Cluttering and stuttering
Hearing categories
Conductive and sensorineural
Aphonia
a total loss of voice, a person with aphonia whispers to communicate
dysphonia
all other kinds of voice disorders and it may affect one or more aspects of voice.
vocal nodules
small nodes that develop on the vocal folds and cause breathy and hoarse voice.
What are the most frequently treated disorders of communication in school aged children?
Articulation
Articulation disorder
When a person cannot correctly produce one or more of the phonemes of his or her language.
Phonological disorders
Errors of many phonemes that form patters or clusters
motor speech disorders
speech disorders in audlts, especially in those who have had normal speech are usually due to some neurological problem. The movement of the speech mechanism has been impaired due to nerve damage.
language disorders
Difficulties in the acquisition of language
telegraphic
child’s sentences that are missing grammatical elements as articles, prepositions, and conjuctions
aphasia
a loss of language
cluttering
fluency disorder that involves impaired fluency and rapid but disordered articulation, possibly combined with disorganize thought.
sttutering
a fluency disorder with excessive amounts or excessively long durations of dysfluency, which often are combined with tension, struggle, and related behaviors.
Conductive hearing loss
the sound transmission from the outer or middle ear to the inner ear is impaired.
otitis media
middle ear infection due to cold allergy and other reasons. A frequent cause of conductive hearing loss in children.
ostosclerosis
the tiny bones of the middle ear do not vibrate normally because of soft spongy growth on them. The sounds is not efficiently transmitted to the inner ear.
sensorineural hearing loss
the inner ear the auditory nerve that transmits sounds to the brain or both may be impaired
presbycusis
reduced hearing sensitivity of some older people also may be sensorineural.
How many people in the US have a communication disorder?
It is estimated that 17% of the U.S. population
communicative disorders are prevalent to a much higher degree in children who have other kinds of disabilities.
True
26% of all children with disabilities may have a disorder of communication
True
language disorders are found in
12% to 13% of children
