Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
sound perception
A
the ability to distinguish sounds
2
Q
International phonetic alphabet
A
EACH SYMBOL REPRESENTS ONE SOUND
3
Q
phonology
A
the study of the sound system of a language
4
Q
phoneme
A
a class of speech sounds and the smallest unit of sound that can affect meaning.
5
Q
allophone
A
varied productions of an individual phoneme.
6
Q
vowels
A
involve vocal fold vibrations
open oral tract
7
Q
what shapes the vocal tract?
A
tongue
jaw movement
lips
8
Q
diphthong
A
A combination of vowels that come together to make one sound.
9
Q
consonants
A
produced by restricting the oral cavity
10
Q
syllable
A
combination of a vowel and a consonant
11
Q
how are consonants classified?
A
manner, place, and voicing
12
Q
Manner of articulation
A
the degree or type of constriction
13
Q
Place of articulation
A
describes the location of constriction
14
Q
voicing
A
presence or absence of vocal fold vibrations in the production of consonants
15
Q
manners of articulation
A
stops, fricatives, affricates, glides, liquids, nasals
16
Q
stop-plosives
A
produced by completely stopping the airflow and then releasing it.
17
Q
what are the 6 stop-plosives
A
P, B, T,D,K,G
18
Q
Fricatives
A
the air is forced through a constricted oral cavity
19
Q
affricates
A
a combination of strops and fricatives
example chair, jump
20
Q
glides
A
the shapes of the articulators change gradually
W and J
21
Q
liquids (semivowels)
A
The oral cavity is restricted the least.R and L
22
Q
nasals
A
nasal resonance is added by keeping teh velopharyngeal port open N,M,nj
23
Q
7 categories of place of articulation
A
bilabial, labiodental, linguadental, lingua-alveolars, palatals, linguavelar, glottal
24
Q
bilabial sounds
A
produced primarily by the two ips
25
labiodental sounds
produced by teeth and lips
| F, V
26
linguadental sounds
produced by the tongue which makes contact with the upper teeth
27
lingua-alveolar sounds
produced by raising the tip of the tongue to make contact with the alveolar ridge
N, T, D, S ,Z
28
linguapalatal sounds
produced by the tongue which comes in contact with the hard palate
29
linguavelar sounds
produced by back of tonguewhich raises up to make contact with the velum
nj, k, g
30
glottal sounds
are produced by the frictions noise resulting from air passing through open vocal folds.
31
cooing
vowel sounds start at 3 months old
32
babbling
combinations of consonants and vowels start at 5-7 months
33
cross sectional method
speech of children at different age levels is established norm
34
longitudinal method
only one child or a few children are observed for an extended period of time to understand the process of learning
35
In learning speech sounds, children simplify them, such simplifications of the adult model of correct articulations are called ________
phonological processes
36
vowels are acquired before consonants. True or false
Trues
37
nasal sounds are acquired the _______ mastered between ______ and _____
earliest
| 3 and 4
38
______ sounds are mastered before fricatives
stop
39
stop sounds are mastered between ____ and ____
3 and 4.5
40
glides are mastered before _______
fricatives
41
Liquids are mastered relatively late between ____ and ____ yrs old
3 and 5 yrs old
42
glides are mastered between _____ to ______
2 to 4 yrs old
43
fricatives and affricates are mastered later than ______ and _______
stops
| nasals
44
fricatives are mastered between ______ and _____
3 and 6
45
consonant clusters are acquired ______ than other sounds
later
46
the degree to which listeners understand the sounds in a speaker speech
speech intelligibility
47
healthy children's difficulty in producing speech sounds without organic without organic causes is called ______________
functional articulation disorder
48
functional disorder disorder cannot be explained by ___________, ___________, __________, ________
neurological damage, muscle weakness, paralysis or structural problem
49
absence of a required sound in a word position
omissions
50
the production of a wrong sound in place or a right one
substitution
51
is imprecise sound production
distortion
52
involves adding a sound that does not belong to a word
addition
53
substitutions of lingua-alveolars for linguadentals
place errors
54
substitution of glides for liquids
manner errors
55
substitution of voiced sounds for voiceless
voicing errors
56
child who omits several final or initial consonant is said to exhibit _________ _________ ______
consonant deletion process
57
sounds produced in the front are substituted for those in the back
fronting
58
In fronting __________ are used in place of palatal and velar sounds.
alveolar
59
a syllable or target word is repeated
| ex. (baba for bottle)
reduplication or doubling
60
child says medo for tomato, tephone for telephone
unstressed syllable deletion
61
an unstressed vowel typically the schwa is inserted inappropriately sapoon for spoon
epenthesis
62
potential causes of articulation and phonological disorders (12)
intelligence, gender, socioeconomic status, birth order and sibling status, language development, motor skills,auditory discrimination, oral structures, hearing loss, neuropathologies, tongue thrust
63
Who has more errors in articulation, children from lower socioeconomic status or upper economic status?
children from lower socieconomic status
64
first born and only child have better articulation than children who have older siblnigs
True
65
misaligned upper and lower dental arches
malocclusion
66
individual teeth are misaligned but the arches are generally aligned
malocclusion I
67
upper jaw is protruded and lower jaw is receded
malocclusion II
68
lower jaw is protruded upper jaw is receded
malocclusion III
69
when an organic problem that could affect articulation exists, but its effects are not observed the clinician usually concludes that the child has learned ______ ________
compensatory response
70
Problems of articulation that are due to damage to the central or peripheral nerves are called ________
dysarthrias
71
(dysarthria) damage to the nervous system can cause ______ ____ _____
paralysis, weakness, or lack of coordination of the muscles of speech
72
neurological origin speech disorder, motor programming disorder, makes high inconsistent articulation errors
Apraxia of speech
73
a pattern of abnormal swallow
tongue thrust
74
tongue tie organic cause of misarticulations
ankyloglossia
75
lingual frenum
attaches the tongue to the base of the mouth
76
A brief procedure that helps determine whether a person should be assessed at length.
articulation screening
77
the process of identifying and describing a clinical problem
Assessment
78
Assessment Procedures include:
```
History
interview
orofacial examination
hearing screening
assessment of sound production
stimulability test
analysis of results
report writing
```
79
Measurement and assessment of articulation
sampling conversational speech
administration of standardized tests of articulation
analysis of individual errors their types and their word positions
analysis of patterns of misarticulations
80
Clinician examines the client's facial and oral structures to rule out gross organic problems
orofacial examination
81
what are the major sources of information on articulation and its disorders?
speech and language samples
standardized tests that evaluate the production of individual sounds
assessment tools that help evaluate phonological processes
82
Name some articulation tests
```
GOldman Fristoe
firsher logemann
the templin darley test
deep test of articulation
arizona articulation proficiency scale
photoarticulation
```
83
clinician produces the child's misarticulated sounds correctly and asks the child to imitate
test of stimulability
84
stimuli are ______ _______ because they are presented before the target response is produced or attempted
antecedent events
85
goal
criterion performance
86
final target of articulation treatment is the
correct production of misarticulated phonemes in conversational speech
87
stimulus material
```
modeling of target
pictures
objects
instructions on how to produce them
manual guidance to help the articulators make approproate movements
```
88
In this method, the clinician describes how a target sounds is produced correctly
phonetic placement method
89
the clinician uses his or her fingers to shape the articulators
manual guidance
90
when the clinician manually moves the articulators the client receives motor and kinesthetic feedback
moto-kinesthetic method
91
clinicians may start treatment by asking the child to listen to the differences between the target sound and the error sound that the clinician produces
auditory discrimination
92
the client is not asked to produce sounds until he or she discriminates between the error sound and the correct target sound
auditory discrimination
93
the clinician produces the sound firs, the child imitates the clinicians correct production and hten produces it without modeling
production training: teaches both production and auditory discrimination
94
treatment is always started at the syllable level
sensory-motor approach
95
start training at the word level. clinician first finds a key word in which the error sound is produces correctly
paired-stimuli approach
96
clinician will work on several sounds in any given session
multiple phoneme approach
97
Most treatment sounds are treated int eh order of
sounds, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences reading, conversational
98
clinician gives a different kind of feedback for incorrect responses
corrective feedback
99
immediately following an incorrect response the clinician says stop and looks awar from the client for five to 10 seconds. eye contacts is reestablished and training is continued
time out
100
a wrong response costs a reinforcer that the child has earned for correct responses
response cost
101
periodically asking the child to produce hte target osunds in untrained words brief conversational speech without feedback help assess whether a trained sound has generalized to untrained words and sentences produced in more natural conditions..
Probe
102
production of target behaviors in the absence of clinician feedback is known as _______ _________
generalized production
103
train the family members to reinforce productions of target sounds at home and in other situations
response maintenance strategies
104
if a follow up shows a need _________ ______ is given
booster treatment
