Chapter 10 Flashcards
1
Q
In most people, language is controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain
A
False
2
Q
The frontal love is concerned with motor control, including motor speech control.
A
True
3
Q
Wernicke’s area controls language formulation and comprehension.
A
True
4
Q
Aphasia is a speech disorder associated with brain injury
A
false
5
Q
Apraxia of speech is not due to muscle paralysis
A
True
6
Q
The stages of normal swallowing are discrete events
A
False
7
Q
some forms of dementia may be temporary
A
True
8
Q
SLPs do not treat the esophageal stage of swallowing disorders
A
True
9
Q
dysarthria affects only articulation of speech sounds
A
false
10
Q
in all children with a diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech, there is evidence of brain injury or pathology
A
False
11
Q
anomia results in
A
naming difficulty
12
Q
found in patients with aphasia
a word substitution problem
A
paraphasia
13
Q
creation of nonsensical words
A
neologism
14
Q
hardening of the cerebral arteries
A
arteriosclerosis
15
Q
there are muscle problems of neurological origin
there is no language problem
there are articulation problems
A
pure dysarthria
16
Q
left neglect is a characteristic of _____ ______ _____
A
right hemisphere syndrome
17
Q
communicative disorders included under medical SLP are associated with neurological disease or trauma.
A
dual diagnosis
18
Q
How is the relationship between the brain and language studied
A
autopsy
neurosurgery
brain imaging or brain scanning
19
Q
_______ in aults is a language disorder associated with acquired brain damage. It affects all aspects of language
A
Aphasia
20
Q
Aphasia is not a:
A
speech disorder
language associated with dementia or confusion seen in some brain-injured patients
its is not the bizarre language of schizophrenic patients
21
Q
Number one cause of aphasia is ______
A
stroke
22
Q
Cause of a stroke:
A
embolus
thrombosis
aneurysm
23
Q
a traveling blood clot
A
embolus
24
Q
a blood clot at the point of its origin
A
thrombosis
25
a sack like bulge on the wall of a weakened artery that eventually ruptures causing cerebral hemorrhage
aneurysm
26
Potential causes of brain injury that result in aphasia
```
epilepsy
meningitis
encephalitis
brain tumors
accidents during brain surgery
brain infections
```
27
substituted words sound like the correct words
phonemic paraphasias
28
the substituted words have meanings similar to the correct words
verbal paraphasia
29
omission of grammatical elements
agrammatism
30
somewhat fluent but irrelevant or meaningless speech
jargon
31
involve the use of certain expressions even obscene ones in response to any questions asked
verbal stereotypes
32
writing disorders
agraphia
33
reading problems
alexia
34
sensory deficits which may be independent of aphasia and include auditory verbal agnosia and visual agnosia
Agnosias.
35
exists when the person can hear but cannot recognize the meaning of the words
auditory verbal agnosia
36
exists when the person cannot tell what something is by looking at it
visual agnosia
37
How is aphasia classified?
fluent or non-fluent
38
an assessment of communication skills in everyday sitiations
functional assessment
39
The clinician uses pictures, drawings, or cultural objects and models the correct response to evoke the target behaviors.
Behavioral treatment procedures
40
speech disorders that result from central or peripheral nervous system damage are called ___
motor speech disorders or neurogenic speech disorders
41
disorder or sequnced movement of body parts in teh absence of muscle weakness or paralysis.
apraxia
42
when asked to, the patients cannot move the muscles of the throat, soft palate, tongue, and the cheek for nonspeech purposes. On their own, they can make the same movements.
Oral apraxia
43
The patients cannot comply when requested to move their hand to wave good bye or to show how a hammer is used. On their own they can execute these movements
limb apraxia
44
is difficulty in initiating andexecuting the movement patterns necessary to produce speech whn there is no paralysis, weakness, or discoordination of speech muscles.
apraxia of speech
45
The main feature of apraxia of speech is a marked difficulty in articulating ____ ____ ___
sequenced speech sounds
46
Causes of AOS
-lesions in Broca's area in the left frontal love
-strokes
-external trauma to the frontal love
tumors
accidental surgical injury
degenerative neurological diseases
47
Lesions in broca's area affect motor programming for speech causing errors in ______ ______
speech production
48
Pure AOS is rare it is more frequently associated with _______
aphasia
49
Speech problems associated with AOS
-difficulty positioning articulators correctly
-repeated attempts to correct the articulation errors, each attempt causing a different kind of mistake
-more errors on consonants and consonant clusters than vowels
-wrong sequencing of sounds in words
-variable mistakes on repeated attempts
-greater difficulty on complex, longer or less frequently used words
disturbed rhythm and intonation
50
Apraxia of speech in children can be diagnosed in three groups:
-Children with neurological problems
children who have complex neurobehavioral disorders or certain genetic syndromes
children who seem to be otherwise normally developing
51
Treatment targets for adults and children with Apraxia of speech
- correct sequenced production of speech sounds
- functional communication
- improved intelligibility
52
speech disorders due to paralysis, weakness, or in-coordination of the speech muscles.
dysarthria
53
Impaired muscle functions affects all aspects of speech production
respiration
articulation
phonation
prosody
54
Patients with ______ _______ have no problems with language or reading.
pure dysarthria
55
What causes dysarthria?
vascular and neurological diseases
56
About _____ of people who experience a stroke have dysarthria
25%
57
about _____% of people who have traumatic brain injury have dysarthria
30
58
______ disease is a major contributor of dysarthria
parkinson's
59
Communicative problems in dysarthria include the following:
respiratory, phonatory, resonance, articulatory, and prosodic problems
60
damage to cerebellum is what type of dysarthria?
ataxic dysarthria
61
People with ataxic dysarthria are characterized by
articulatory disorder
| slow speech and prosodic problems because of excessive and uneven stress on syllables.unstable stand and walking
62
Monopitch monoloudness harsh voice and a drunken voice quality also may be part of _____ dysarthria
ataxic
63
damage to speech related cranial nerve is _____ dysarthria
flaccid
64
lesions in the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems
spastic dysarthria
65
flaccid dysarthria damages cranial nerves
VII facial nerve and vagus nerve
66
all aspects of speech inlcuding articulation phonation and prosodic aspects may be impaired in patients with ________ dysarthria.
spastic
67
Individuals with _______ dysarthria may also have swallowing disorders.
spastic
68
damage to the basal ganglia can cause ________ and ______ dysarthrias
hyperkenetic
| hypokinetic
69
ecvessive and involuntary movement of muscles
hyperkinetic dysarthria
70
speech disorders in hyperkinetic include
```
slow and imprecise articulation
unpredictable speech errors
variable speech rate
monopitch
momnoloudness or excessive variations in loudness of voice
harsh voice
intermittent hypernasality
```
71
voice disorders include: a hoarse, breathy and unsteady voice with monopitch and monoloudness. imprecise articulation of speech sounds, a mild hypernasality in some cases, and irregular fast breathing are additional features of ______ dysarthria
hypokinetic
72
when teh damage is limited to motor neurons in only one hemisphere
upper motor neuron dysarthria
73
Treatment of dysarthria
-training to improve posture, tone and strength of muscles
-exercise to reduce respiratory problems so that speech production is facilitated
-surgical and behavioral ethods to promote improved phonation
-behavioral treatment to reduce such resonance problems as hypernasality
behaviora traiining to achieve better articulation
-procedures to modify problems of prosody
74
The _______ hemisphere controls visual and spatial functions including facial recognition and geographic orientation attention emotional expression and certain aspects of communication.
right
75
Causes of right hemisphere syndrome
strokes in the right hemisphere
tumors in the right hemisphere
traumatic brain injury
degenerative neurological diseases
76
Behavioral deficits associated with right hemisphere syndrome
-left neglect and attention deficits
-disorientation; spatial and geographic confusion
-facial recognition deficits (prosopagnosia)
-reasoning and planning deficits
communicative deficits
77
Communication treatment in right hemisphere syndrome includes
-turn taking in conversational speech
reading without neglecting the left side of printed pages
-maintainng a topic of conversation
78
a neurological syndrome associated with persistent or progressive deterioration in intellectual functions
dementia
79
diseases associated with dementia
```
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
pick's disease
huntington's disease
vascular disorders that affect cerebral blood supply
creutzfeldt Jakob disease
```
80
There's a _____ onset of progressive dementia
slow
81
memory loss, impaired or lost reasoning and judgement, deterioration in daily living skills, delusions hallucinations emotional outbursts paranoia, inappropriate or obscene social behavior, sleep disturbance, profound disorientation to space and time
intellectual and behavioral problems associated with dementia.
82
communication problems associated with dementia
naming problems and paraphasia
speech comprehension problems
picture description problems
picture description and narrative difficulties
difficulty maintaining topics of conversation
progressively shrinking vocabulary
83
injury to the brain from physical trauma or external force
traumatic brain injury
84
Causes of TBI
```
automobile accidents
pedestrian accidents
motorcycle/bicycle accidents
accidental falls
interpersonal violence, gunshot wounds
sports and workplace accidents
```
85
the skull is fractured or perforated the meninges are torn and the brain tissue is damaged.
penetrating brain injuries
86
indirect damage to the brain with intact meninges
nonpenetrating brain injuries
87
injuries that result from a brain moving within the skull are known as ______
acceleration/deceleration injuries
88
injuries caused by forces that strike stationary heads are known as _______
nonacceleration
89
communication problems of people with TBI include
```
dysarthria
confused language
anomia
perseverative verbal responses
dificulty in language comprehension
pragmatic language problems
rambling speech
difficulty understanding facial expressions
reading and writing difficulties
```
90
speech language pathologists design a treatment program in which _____ ___ ___ __ are targeted
orientation
attention
narrative skills
word selection
91
deglutation disorder; is a disorder of swallowing food and liquid
Dysphagia
92
causes of dysphagia
strokes
tumors of the mouth adn throat
neurological diseases
93
transportation of fodd from teh plate to the mouth
feeding
94
transportation of food from teh mouth to the stomach
swallowing
95
Normal process of swallowing
A) The tongue propels the bolus
B)the pharyngeal swallow is triggered
C) Bolus arrives in the valleculae
D)the base of the tongue retracts to the anterior moving pharyngeal wall
D) the bolus begins to move through the esophagus
96
Interrelated phases of swallowing
oral preparatory phase
oral phase
pharyngeal phase
esophageal phase
97
solid food placed in the mouth is prepared for swallowing; with lips sealed, the food is mixed with saliva and masticated to form a bolus; liquid is briefly held between the tongue and the anterior palate before initiating the swallow.
oral preparatory phase
98
a front-to-back rolling action of the tongue moves the bolus toward the back portion of the tongue; the soft palate is elevated to let the bolus pass through the anterior faucial pillars.
oral phase
99
this phase of swallowing is triggered when the bolus makes contact with, and begins to pass through, the faucial pillars; breathing is interrupted, the vocal folds close to seal the airway; from then on, the action is involuntary
pharyngeal phase
100
an involuntary phase of swallowing, the esophageal phase is not under conscious control; food is transported from the lower end of the pharynx to the stomach.
esophageal phase
101
The structures involved in swallowing are under ______ and ________ control
neural
| cortical
102
a round _____ weeks of gestation, the fetus begins to swallow the amniotic fluid.
12.5
103
around ____ months of age, suckling changes into sucking.
6
104
factors that affect abnormal and normal swallowing
nature of the food being swallowed
| body positioning during swallow
105
causes of swallowing disorders
- strokes
- neurological and degenerative diseases
- cancer
- surgical treatment of brain, head, neck, skull base
- chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck
- brain injury
- HIV AIDS
106
difficulty chewing the food or forming the bolus; holding the food in the mouth too long
disorders of the oral preparatory phase
107
tongue difficulty and weakness in moving the bolus toward the pharynx; food residue in various parts of the mouth
disorders of the oral phase
108
difficulty triggering the swallowing reflex when the head of the bolus passes through the base of the tongue; difficulty propelling the bolus through the pharynx
disorders of the pharyngeal phase
109
phase not under voluntary control; characterized by inefficient movement of food from the esophagus to stomach; food propelled back, causing gastroesophageal reflux disease
disorders of the esophageal phase
110
SLP administers test swallows of food of various consistencies mixed with barium sulfate to assess breakdown in the swallowing response.
modified barium swallow study/videofluroscopy
111
invovles efforts at strengthening the muscles involved in swallow by oral motor exercises.exercises designed to improve the tongue and jaw strength and range of movement may be prescribed and practiced. no food involved.
indirect treatment
112
includes food of various consistencies, including liquid. the clinician designs specific procedures to treat the disorders of mastication
direct treatments
113
treatment of disorders of mastication
teach patient to keep the food in the side of the mouth, where the chewing muscle strength is greater
114
treatment of oral preparatory phase
teach patient to tilt the head forward to keep the food in the front of the mouth until the or she is ready to swallow and then to tilt the head back to promote the swallow
115
treating oral phase
teach a patient to hold the food at the back of the tongue before initiating a swallow. the patient may also learn to push the food back toward the pharynx by placing the tongue on the alveolar ridge and initiating a swallow with an upward and backward movement of the tongue.
116
treatment of pharyngeal phase
teach patient to tilt the head forward while swallowing to compensate for a delayed or absent swallowing reflex
117
Do SLPs treat disorders of esophageal phase?
no, because its an involuntary process.
