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Intro to Communication Disorders > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

In most people, language is controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain

A

False

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2
Q

The frontal love is concerned with motor control, including motor speech control.

A

True

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3
Q

Wernicke’s area controls language formulation and comprehension.

A

True

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4
Q

Aphasia is a speech disorder associated with brain injury

A

false

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5
Q

Apraxia of speech is not due to muscle paralysis

A

True

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6
Q

The stages of normal swallowing are discrete events

A

False

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7
Q

some forms of dementia may be temporary

A

True

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8
Q

SLPs do not treat the esophageal stage of swallowing disorders

A

True

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9
Q

dysarthria affects only articulation of speech sounds

A

false

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10
Q

in all children with a diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech, there is evidence of brain injury or pathology

A

False

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11
Q

anomia results in

A

naming difficulty

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12
Q

found in patients with aphasia

a word substitution problem

A

paraphasia

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13
Q

creation of nonsensical words

A

neologism

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14
Q

hardening of the cerebral arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

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15
Q

there are muscle problems of neurological origin
there is no language problem
there are articulation problems

A

pure dysarthria

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16
Q

left neglect is a characteristic of _____ ______ _____

A

right hemisphere syndrome

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17
Q

communicative disorders included under medical SLP are associated with neurological disease or trauma.

A

dual diagnosis

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18
Q

How is the relationship between the brain and language studied

A

autopsy
neurosurgery
brain imaging or brain scanning

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19
Q

_______ in aults is a language disorder associated with acquired brain damage. It affects all aspects of language

A

Aphasia

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20
Q

Aphasia is not a:

A

speech disorder
language associated with dementia or confusion seen in some brain-injured patients
its is not the bizarre language of schizophrenic patients

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21
Q

Number one cause of aphasia is ______

A

stroke

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22
Q

Cause of a stroke:

A

embolus
thrombosis
aneurysm

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23
Q

a traveling blood clot

A

embolus

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24
Q

a blood clot at the point of its origin

A

thrombosis

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25
Q

a sack like bulge on the wall of a weakened artery that eventually ruptures causing cerebral hemorrhage

A

aneurysm

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26
Q

Potential causes of brain injury that result in aphasia

A 
epilepsy
meningitis
encephalitis
brain tumors 
accidents during brain surgery
brain infections
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27
Q

substituted words sound like the correct words

A

phonemic paraphasias

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28
Q

the substituted words have meanings similar to the correct words

A

verbal paraphasia

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29
Q

omission of grammatical elements

A

agrammatism

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30
Q

somewhat fluent but irrelevant or meaningless speech

A

jargon

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31
Q

involve the use of certain expressions even obscene ones in response to any questions asked

A

verbal stereotypes

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32
Q

writing disorders

A

agraphia

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33
Q

reading problems

A

alexia

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34
Q

sensory deficits which may be independent of aphasia and include auditory verbal agnosia and visual agnosia

A

Agnosias.

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35
Q

exists when the person can hear but cannot recognize the meaning of the words

A

auditory verbal agnosia

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36
Q

exists when the person cannot tell what something is by looking at it

A

visual agnosia

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37
Q

How is aphasia classified?

A

fluent or non-fluent

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38
Q

an assessment of communication skills in everyday sitiations

A

functional assessment

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39
Q

The clinician uses pictures, drawings, or cultural objects and models the correct response to evoke the target behaviors.

A

Behavioral treatment procedures

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40
Q

speech disorders that result from central or peripheral nervous system damage are called ___

A

motor speech disorders or neurogenic speech disorders

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41
Q

disorder or sequnced movement of body parts in teh absence of muscle weakness or paralysis.

A

apraxia

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42
Q

when asked to, the patients cannot move the muscles of the throat, soft palate, tongue, and the cheek for nonspeech purposes. On their own, they can make the same movements.

A

Oral apraxia

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43
Q

The patients cannot comply when requested to move their hand to wave good bye or to show how a hammer is used. On their own they can execute these movements

A

limb apraxia

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44
Q

is difficulty in initiating andexecuting the movement patterns necessary to produce speech whn there is no paralysis, weakness, or discoordination of speech muscles.

A

apraxia of speech

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45
Q

The main feature of apraxia of speech is a marked difficulty in articulating ____ ____ ___

A

sequenced speech sounds

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46
Q

Causes of AOS

A

-lesions in Broca’s area in the left frontal love
-strokes
-external trauma to the frontal love
tumors
accidental surgical injury
degenerative neurological diseases

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47
Q

Lesions in broca’s area affect motor programming for speech causing errors in ______ ______

A

speech production

48
Q

Pure AOS is rare it is more frequently associated with _______

A

aphasia

49
Q

Speech problems associated with AOS

A

-difficulty positioning articulators correctly
-repeated attempts to correct the articulation errors, each attempt causing a different kind of mistake
-more errors on consonants and consonant clusters than vowels
-wrong sequencing of sounds in words
-variable mistakes on repeated attempts
-greater difficulty on complex, longer or less frequently used words
disturbed rhythm and intonation

50
Q

Apraxia of speech in children can be diagnosed in three groups:

A

-Children with neurological problems
children who have complex neurobehavioral disorders or certain genetic syndromes
children who seem to be otherwise normally developing

51
Q

Treatment targets for adults and children with Apraxia of speech

A
  • correct sequenced production of speech sounds
  • functional communication
  • improved intelligibility
52
Q

speech disorders due to paralysis, weakness, or in-coordination of the speech muscles.

A

dysarthria

53
Q

Impaired muscle functions affects all aspects of speech production

A

respiration
articulation
phonation
prosody

54
Q

Patients with ______ _______ have no problems with language or reading.

A

pure dysarthria

55
Q

What causes dysarthria?

A

vascular and neurological diseases

56
Q

About _____ of people who experience a stroke have dysarthria

A

25%

57
Q

about _____% of people who have traumatic brain injury have dysarthria

A

30

58
Q

______ disease is a major contributor of dysarthria

A

parkinson’s

59
Q

Communicative problems in dysarthria include the following:

A

respiratory, phonatory, resonance, articulatory, and prosodic problems

60
Q

damage to cerebellum is what type of dysarthria?

A

ataxic dysarthria

61
Q

People with ataxic dysarthria are characterized by

A

articulatory disorder

slow speech and prosodic problems because of excessive and uneven stress on syllables.unstable stand and walking

62
Q

Monopitch monoloudness harsh voice and a drunken voice quality also may be part of _____ dysarthria

A

ataxic

63
Q

damage to speech related cranial nerve is _____ dysarthria

A

flaccid

64
Q

lesions in the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems

A

spastic dysarthria

65
Q

flaccid dysarthria damages cranial nerves

A

VII facial nerve and vagus nerve

66
Q

all aspects of speech inlcuding articulation phonation and prosodic aspects may be impaired in patients with ________ dysarthria.

A

spastic

67
Q

Individuals with _______ dysarthria may also have swallowing disorders.

A

spastic

68
Q

damage to the basal ganglia can cause ________ and ______ dysarthrias

A

hyperkenetic

hypokinetic

69
Q

ecvessive and involuntary movement of muscles

A

hyperkinetic dysarthria

70
Q

speech disorders in hyperkinetic include

A 
slow and imprecise articulation
unpredictable speech errors
variable speech rate
monopitch
momnoloudness or excessive variations in loudness of voice 
harsh voice
intermittent hypernasality
71
Q

voice disorders include: a hoarse, breathy and unsteady voice with monopitch and monoloudness. imprecise articulation of speech sounds, a mild hypernasality in some cases, and irregular fast breathing are additional features of ______ dysarthria

A

hypokinetic

72
Q

when teh damage is limited to motor neurons in only one hemisphere

A

upper motor neuron dysarthria

73
Q

Treatment of dysarthria

A

-training to improve posture, tone and strength of muscles
-exercise to reduce respiratory problems so that speech production is facilitated
-surgical and behavioral ethods to promote improved phonation
-behavioral treatment to reduce such resonance problems as hypernasality
behaviora traiining to achieve better articulation
-procedures to modify problems of prosody

74
Q

The _______ hemisphere controls visual and spatial functions including facial recognition and geographic orientation attention emotional expression and certain aspects of communication.

A

right

75
Q

Causes of right hemisphere syndrome

A

strokes in the right hemisphere
tumors in the right hemisphere
traumatic brain injury
degenerative neurological diseases

76
Q

Behavioral deficits associated with right hemisphere syndrome

A

-left neglect and attention deficits
-disorientation; spatial and geographic confusion
-facial recognition deficits (prosopagnosia)
-reasoning and planning deficits
communicative deficits

77
Q

Communication treatment in right hemisphere syndrome includes

A

-turn taking in conversational speech
reading without neglecting the left side of printed pages
-maintainng a topic of conversation

78
Q

a neurological syndrome associated with persistent or progressive deterioration in intellectual functions

A

dementia

79
Q

diseases associated with dementia

A 
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
pick's disease
huntington's disease
vascular disorders that affect cerebral blood supply
creutzfeldt Jakob disease
80
Q

There’s a _____ onset of progressive dementia

A

slow

81
Q

memory loss, impaired or lost reasoning and judgement, deterioration in daily living skills, delusions hallucinations emotional outbursts paranoia, inappropriate or obscene social behavior, sleep disturbance, profound disorientation to space and time

A

intellectual and behavioral problems associated with dementia.

82
Q

communication problems associated with dementia

A

naming problems and paraphasia
speech comprehension problems
picture description problems
picture description and narrative difficulties
difficulty maintaining topics of conversation
progressively shrinking vocabulary

83
Q

injury to the brain from physical trauma or external force

A

traumatic brain injury

84
Q

Causes of TBI

A 
automobile accidents
pedestrian accidents
motorcycle/bicycle accidents
accidental falls
interpersonal violence, gunshot wounds
sports and workplace accidents
85
Q

the skull is fractured or perforated the meninges are torn and the brain tissue is damaged.

A

penetrating brain injuries

86
Q

indirect damage to the brain with intact meninges

A

nonpenetrating brain injuries

87
Q

injuries that result from a brain moving within the skull are known as ______

A

acceleration/deceleration injuries

88
Q

injuries caused by forces that strike stationary heads are known as _______

A

nonacceleration

89
Q

communication problems of people with TBI include

A 
dysarthria
confused language
anomia
perseverative verbal responses
dificulty in language comprehension
pragmatic language problems
rambling speech
difficulty understanding facial expressions
reading and writing difficulties
90
Q

speech language pathologists design a treatment program in which _____ ___ ___ __ are targeted

A

orientation
attention
narrative skills
word selection

91
Q

deglutation disorder; is a disorder of swallowing food and liquid

A

Dysphagia

92
Q

causes of dysphagia

A

strokes
tumors of the mouth adn throat
neurological diseases

93
Q

transportation of fodd from teh plate to the mouth

A

feeding

94
Q

transportation of food from teh mouth to the stomach

A

swallowing

95
Q

Normal process of swallowing

A

A) The tongue propels the bolus
B)the pharyngeal swallow is triggered
C) Bolus arrives in the valleculae
D)the base of the tongue retracts to the anterior moving pharyngeal wall
D) the bolus begins to move through the esophagus

96
Q

Interrelated phases of swallowing

A

oral preparatory phase
oral phase
pharyngeal phase
esophageal phase

97
Q

solid food placed in the mouth is prepared for swallowing; with lips sealed, the food is mixed with saliva and masticated to form a bolus; liquid is briefly held between the tongue and the anterior palate before initiating the swallow.

A

oral preparatory phase

98
Q

a front-to-back rolling action of the tongue moves the bolus toward the back portion of the tongue; the soft palate is elevated to let the bolus pass through the anterior faucial pillars.

A

oral phase

99
Q

this phase of swallowing is triggered when the bolus makes contact with, and begins to pass through, the faucial pillars; breathing is interrupted, the vocal folds close to seal the airway; from then on, the action is involuntary

A

pharyngeal phase

100
Q

an involuntary phase of swallowing, the esophageal phase is not under conscious control; food is transported from the lower end of the pharynx to the stomach.

A

esophageal phase

101
Q

The structures involved in swallowing are under ______ and ________ control

A

neural

cortical

102
Q

a round _____ weeks of gestation, the fetus begins to swallow the amniotic fluid.

A

12.5

103
Q

around ____ months of age, suckling changes into sucking.

A

6

104
Q

factors that affect abnormal and normal swallowing

A

nature of the food being swallowed

body positioning during swallow

105
Q

causes of swallowing disorders

A
  • strokes
  • neurological and degenerative diseases
  • cancer
  • surgical treatment of brain, head, neck, skull base
  • chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck
  • brain injury
  • HIV AIDS
106
Q

difficulty chewing the food or forming the bolus; holding the food in the mouth too long

A

disorders of the oral preparatory phase

107
Q

tongue difficulty and weakness in moving the bolus toward the pharynx; food residue in various parts of the mouth

A

disorders of the oral phase

108
Q

difficulty triggering the swallowing reflex when the head of the bolus passes through the base of the tongue; difficulty propelling the bolus through the pharynx

A

disorders of the pharyngeal phase

109
Q

phase not under voluntary control; characterized by inefficient movement of food from the esophagus to stomach; food propelled back, causing gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

disorders of the esophageal phase

110
Q

SLP administers test swallows of food of various consistencies mixed with barium sulfate to assess breakdown in the swallowing response.

A

modified barium swallow study/videofluroscopy

111
Q

invovles efforts at strengthening the muscles involved in swallow by oral motor exercises.exercises designed to improve the tongue and jaw strength and range of movement may be prescribed and practiced. no food involved.

A

indirect treatment

112
Q

includes food of various consistencies, including liquid. the clinician designs specific procedures to treat the disorders of mastication

A

direct treatments

113
Q

treatment of disorders of mastication

A

teach patient to keep the food in the side of the mouth, where the chewing muscle strength is greater

114
Q

treatment of oral preparatory phase

A

teach patient to tilt the head forward to keep the food in the front of the mouth until the or she is ready to swallow and then to tilt the head back to promote the swallow

115
Q

treating oral phase

A

teach a patient to hold the food at the back of the tongue before initiating a swallow. the patient may also learn to push the food back toward the pharynx by placing the tongue on the alveolar ridge and initiating a swallow with an upward and backward movement of the tongue.

116
Q

treatment of pharyngeal phase

A

teach patient to tilt the head forward while swallowing to compensate for a delayed or absent swallowing reflex

117
Q

Do SLPs treat disorders of esophageal phase?

A

no, because its an involuntary process.

Intro to Communication Disorders (11 decks)

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