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Intro to Communication Disorders > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

neurologist

A

is a medical specialist who diagnoses and treats disorder of the nervous system

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2
Q

Parkinsonism

A

is a degenerative disease of the nervous system

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3
Q

Hypokinesia

A

is reduced range and force of muscle movements

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4
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

is a part of the nervous system involved in movement control

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5
Q

laryngologist

A

is a medical specialist who diagnoses and treats throat problems

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6
Q

Endoscope

A

is an instrument used to examine vocal folds

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7
Q

vocal nodules

A

are small nodes that develop on vocal folds

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8
Q

oral surgeon

A

performs surgery on oral structures

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9
Q

clefts

A

are openings in the roof of the mouth, repaired by surgical methods

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10
Q

cineradiography

A

moving xray pictures taken.

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11
Q

stroke

A

may cause brain damage due to interrupted blood supply

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12
Q

aphasia

A

is a language problem due to stroke and other causes

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13
Q

Hemiplegia

A

is paralysis of one half of the body

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14
Q

audiologist

A

is an expert in hearing and its disorders

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15
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

portions of the inner ear or auditory nerve are damaged

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16
Q

audiogram

A

is a graph showing hearing thresholds.

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17
Q

Major structures of speech include

A

respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems

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18
Q

Additional systems involved in speech production include

A

resonatory system central nervous system and the auditory system.

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19
Q

resonatory system

A

significantly modifies the sound produced by teh phonatory system

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20
Q

Central nervous system

A

is responsible for initiating and integrating all the activities of other structures into a planned and coordinated activity called speech and an abstract activity called language.

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21
Q

auditory system

A

is a related and important system that helps awareness and regulation of speech prodution

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22
Q

vocal folds

A

are a pair of thin muscles in the throat used to produce sound

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23
Q

palate

A

is the roof of the mouth; its front portion is hard and its back portion is soft.

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24
Q

cavity

A

is a space whose boundaries are formed by certain structures

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25
Q

inhale

A

breathe in

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26
Q

exhale

A

breathe out

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27
Q

thoracic cage

A

provides the main structural frame for respiration.

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28
Q

diaphragm

A

a thick muscle shaped like a dome. it separated the stomach from the thorax. The diaphragms plays a major role in breathing because hte lungs rest on it.

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29
Q

pulmonary system

A

includes the lower and upper airways

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30
Q

upper airway includes

A

mouth nose upper portions of throat

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31
Q

trachea

A

a tube formed by about 20 rings of cartilage is the starting point of the lower airway.

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32
Q

what happens when you breathe in?

A

we bring oxygen to the blood

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33
Q

when we breathe out

A

we get rid of the accumulated carbon dioxide

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34
Q

medulla oblangata

A

fires impulses to the muscles of respiration when an excessive amount of carbon dioxide creates a need for oxygen

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35
Q

The duration of exhalations during speech tends to be longer or shorter than during silent periods or inhalation

A

longer

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36
Q

larynx (voice box)

A

produces voice

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37
Q

Phonate

A

to produce voice

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38
Q

subglottal pressure

A

air pressure below the vocal cords

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39
Q

cartilages

A

are tough connective tissue

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40
Q

How does impaired breathing patterns affect speech and language?

A

voice is affected., phrase length is affected, rhythm and prosody is affected, fluency is affected

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41
Q

hyoid bone

A

the muscles of the tongue, skull, larynx and jaw are attached to this bone

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42
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

forms the frontal and side walls of the larynx

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43
Q

cricois

A

is the top ring of the trachea it is linked with the thyroid cartilage and a pair of arytenoid cartilages.

44
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A

are connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joint

45
Q

cricoarytenoid joint

A

permits circular and sliding movements

46
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid muscles

A

adductors

47
Q

posterios cricoarytenoid muscle

A

ABductor

48
Q

glottis

A

space when the vocal folds are ABDucted

49
Q

myoelasticaerodynamic theory

A

the full explanation of the vocal fold movements includes the buildup of air pressure, the pressure differences, and the elasticity of the muscles.

50
Q

pitch and loudness are often described as

A

perceptual or psychological

51
Q

pitch

A

is determined by the rate of vocal fold vibration and the mass, tension, and elasticity of the vocal folds.

52
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the rate at which given vocal folds vibrate

53
Q

intensity

A

the force or vigor with which hte folds open and close

54
Q

amplitude

A

extent of vocal fold movements

55
Q

resonance

A

is modification of a sound by structures through which the sound passes.

56
Q

breathy voice

A

vocal folds do not completely close causing air leakage during phonation and adds frictional noise to the voice.

57
Q

harshness

A

irregular vibration of vocal folds or vocal folds may have excessive tension and they may compress too hard.

58
Q

hoarse

A

breathiness and harshness are present. irregular vocal fold vibrations and excessive air leakage through the glottis.

59
Q

nasality

A

added nasal resonance to voice (resonance quality)

60
Q

articulation

A

the movement of joined anatomic parts as well as the production of speech sounds by such movements.

61
Q

alveolar process

A

sockets that house the teeth

62
Q

mastication

A

chewing

63
Q

Name part of tongue

A

Tip, blade, dorsum, root

64
Q

voiced sounds

A

vocal folds vibrate

65
Q

unvoiced sounds

A

vocal folds don’t vibrate

66
Q

afferent

A

the flow of information toward the cell body

67
Q

efferent

A

information flowing out of the cell body

68
Q

action potentials

A

a nerve carries information by conducting electrical impulses

69
Q

nervous system

A

composed of the peripheral, central and autonomic systems.

70
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

a collection of nerves that are outside the skull and the spinal column

71
Q

sensory impulses

A

originating in the peripheral sense organs to the brain

72
Q

motor impulses

A

orginating int he brain to hte muscles and glands inteh body

73
Q

peripheral nervous system composed of three kinds of nerves

A

cranial, spinal and peripheral autonomic

74
Q

what nerves are more directly involved in speech, language, and hearing

A

cranial nerves

75
Q

cranial nerves concerned with speech and hearing

A

Cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

76
Q

Trigeminal nerve V

A

sensory and motor, serves upper lip, jaw, tongue and cheeks

77
Q

Facial Nerve VII

A

sensory and motor nerve, retraction of corners of mouth

78
Q

Vestibular Acoustic nerve VIII

A

sense of balance and acoustic

79
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX

A

sensory and motor. supplies tongue and pharynx. the motor portion helps regulate the movements of the muscles in the pharynx.

80
Q

Vagus nerve X

A

sensory and motor. regulate intrinsic muscles of the larynx

81
Q

accessory nerve XI

A

motor nerve. regulate muscles of the pharynx and the soft palate

82
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

motor nerve that controls most tongue movements.

83
Q

sympathetic system

A

mobilizes the body so that it can cope with emergencies

84
Q

parasympathetic

A

helps bring the mobilized body back to its relatively relaxed state

85
Q

central nervous system

A

the spine and brain

86
Q

brain

A

brainstem,, cerebellum, and cerebrum

87
Q

ataxia

A

damage to the cerebellum. disturbed balance and abnormal gait are major neurological symptoms

88
Q

lobes in the cortex

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

89
Q

occipital love

A

primarily concerned with vision

90
Q

parietal love

A

primary somatic sensory area

91
Q

temporal love

A

primary auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area

92
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

receives the sound stimuli from the acoustic nerve

93
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

is responsible for both understanding and formulating speech

94
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

speak fluently but their speech does not make much sense

95
Q

frontal lobe

A

especially important for speech production

96
Q

motor cortex

A

includes Broca’s area

97
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor speech center

98
Q

Broca’s apahsia

A

damage to the broca’s area causes motor speech disorders and aphasia. Patient speaks in a slow, halting manner with telegraphic speech with few or no grammatical features.

99
Q

pyramidal system

A

a bundle of nerve fibers that primarily originate in the motor cortex and travel without interruption to the brain stem and spinal cord. Carries impulses for voluntary movement

100
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

have a diffuse origin in the cortex. the fibers of the system take an indirect route to their final destination in the sense that the fibers have multiple synaptic connections and relay stations.

101
Q

spastic paralysis

A

muscles are too rigid and have too much tone

102
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

lacking in tone, the muscles are too soft and flabby

103
Q

Two main branches are especially important for the speech language functions

A

anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery

104
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

supplies blood to the frontal lobe in which motor centers are found

105
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

moves into the inner portions of the brain and dividing again into branches supplies blood to most of the brain cells.. supplies both Broca’s area and wernicke’s area

Intro to Communication Disorders (11 decks)

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