Chapter 4 Flashcards
neurologist
is a medical specialist who diagnoses and treats disorder of the nervous system
Parkinsonism
is a degenerative disease of the nervous system
Hypokinesia
is reduced range and force of muscle movements
extrapyramidal system
is a part of the nervous system involved in movement control
laryngologist
is a medical specialist who diagnoses and treats throat problems
Endoscope
is an instrument used to examine vocal folds
vocal nodules
are small nodes that develop on vocal folds
oral surgeon
performs surgery on oral structures
clefts
are openings in the roof of the mouth, repaired by surgical methods
cineradiography
moving xray pictures taken.
stroke
may cause brain damage due to interrupted blood supply
aphasia
is a language problem due to stroke and other causes
Hemiplegia
is paralysis of one half of the body
audiologist
is an expert in hearing and its disorders
sensorineural hearing loss
portions of the inner ear or auditory nerve are damaged
audiogram
is a graph showing hearing thresholds.
Major structures of speech include
respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems
Additional systems involved in speech production include
resonatory system central nervous system and the auditory system.
resonatory system
significantly modifies the sound produced by teh phonatory system
Central nervous system
is responsible for initiating and integrating all the activities of other structures into a planned and coordinated activity called speech and an abstract activity called language.
auditory system
is a related and important system that helps awareness and regulation of speech prodution
vocal folds
are a pair of thin muscles in the throat used to produce sound
palate
is the roof of the mouth; its front portion is hard and its back portion is soft.
cavity
is a space whose boundaries are formed by certain structures
inhale
breathe in
exhale
breathe out
thoracic cage
provides the main structural frame for respiration.
diaphragm
a thick muscle shaped like a dome. it separated the stomach from the thorax. The diaphragms plays a major role in breathing because hte lungs rest on it.
pulmonary system
includes the lower and upper airways
upper airway includes
mouth nose upper portions of throat
trachea
a tube formed by about 20 rings of cartilage is the starting point of the lower airway.
what happens when you breathe in?
we bring oxygen to the blood
when we breathe out
we get rid of the accumulated carbon dioxide
medulla oblangata
fires impulses to the muscles of respiration when an excessive amount of carbon dioxide creates a need for oxygen
The duration of exhalations during speech tends to be longer or shorter than during silent periods or inhalation
longer
larynx (voice box)
produces voice
Phonate
to produce voice
subglottal pressure
air pressure below the vocal cords
cartilages
are tough connective tissue
How does impaired breathing patterns affect speech and language?
voice is affected., phrase length is affected, rhythm and prosody is affected, fluency is affected
hyoid bone
the muscles of the tongue, skull, larynx and jaw are attached to this bone
thyroid cartilage
forms the frontal and side walls of the larynx
cricois
is the top ring of the trachea it is linked with the thyroid cartilage and a pair of arytenoid cartilages.
arytenoid cartilages
are connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joint
cricoarytenoid joint
permits circular and sliding movements
lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid muscles
adductors
posterios cricoarytenoid muscle
ABductor
glottis
space when the vocal folds are ABDucted
myoelasticaerodynamic theory
the full explanation of the vocal fold movements includes the buildup of air pressure, the pressure differences, and the elasticity of the muscles.
pitch and loudness are often described as
perceptual or psychological
pitch
is determined by the rate of vocal fold vibration and the mass, tension, and elasticity of the vocal folds.
fundamental frequency
the rate at which given vocal folds vibrate
intensity
the force or vigor with which hte folds open and close
amplitude
extent of vocal fold movements
resonance
is modification of a sound by structures through which the sound passes.
breathy voice
vocal folds do not completely close causing air leakage during phonation and adds frictional noise to the voice.
harshness
irregular vibration of vocal folds or vocal folds may have excessive tension and they may compress too hard.
hoarse
breathiness and harshness are present. irregular vocal fold vibrations and excessive air leakage through the glottis.
nasality
added nasal resonance to voice (resonance quality)
articulation
the movement of joined anatomic parts as well as the production of speech sounds by such movements.
alveolar process
sockets that house the teeth
mastication
chewing
Name part of tongue
Tip, blade, dorsum, root
voiced sounds
vocal folds vibrate
unvoiced sounds
vocal folds don’t vibrate
afferent
the flow of information toward the cell body
efferent
information flowing out of the cell body
action potentials
a nerve carries information by conducting electrical impulses
nervous system
composed of the peripheral, central and autonomic systems.
peripheral nervous system
a collection of nerves that are outside the skull and the spinal column
sensory impulses
originating in the peripheral sense organs to the brain
motor impulses
orginating int he brain to hte muscles and glands inteh body
peripheral nervous system composed of three kinds of nerves
cranial, spinal and peripheral autonomic
what nerves are more directly involved in speech, language, and hearing
cranial nerves
cranial nerves concerned with speech and hearing
Cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Trigeminal nerve V
sensory and motor, serves upper lip, jaw, tongue and cheeks
Facial Nerve VII
sensory and motor nerve, retraction of corners of mouth
Vestibular Acoustic nerve VIII
sense of balance and acoustic
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
sensory and motor. supplies tongue and pharynx. the motor portion helps regulate the movements of the muscles in the pharynx.
Vagus nerve X
sensory and motor. regulate intrinsic muscles of the larynx
accessory nerve XI
motor nerve. regulate muscles of the pharynx and the soft palate
hypoglossal nerve
motor nerve that controls most tongue movements.
sympathetic system
mobilizes the body so that it can cope with emergencies
parasympathetic
helps bring the mobilized body back to its relatively relaxed state
central nervous system
the spine and brain
brain
brainstem,, cerebellum, and cerebrum
ataxia
damage to the cerebellum. disturbed balance and abnormal gait are major neurological symptoms
lobes in the cortex
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
occipital love
primarily concerned with vision
parietal love
primary somatic sensory area
temporal love
primary auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area
Primary auditory cortex
receives the sound stimuli from the acoustic nerve
Wernicke’s area
is responsible for both understanding and formulating speech
Wernicke’s aphasia
speak fluently but their speech does not make much sense
frontal lobe
especially important for speech production
motor cortex
includes Broca’s area
Broca’s area
motor speech center
Broca’s apahsia
damage to the broca’s area causes motor speech disorders and aphasia. Patient speaks in a slow, halting manner with telegraphic speech with few or no grammatical features.
pyramidal system
a bundle of nerve fibers that primarily originate in the motor cortex and travel without interruption to the brain stem and spinal cord. Carries impulses for voluntary movement
extrapyramidal system
have a diffuse origin in the cortex. the fibers of the system take an indirect route to their final destination in the sense that the fibers have multiple synaptic connections and relay stations.
spastic paralysis
muscles are too rigid and have too much tone
flaccid paralysis
lacking in tone, the muscles are too soft and flabby
Two main branches are especially important for the speech language functions
anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
supplies blood to the frontal lobe in which motor centers are found
middle cerebral artery
moves into the inner portions of the brain and dividing again into branches supplies blood to most of the brain cells.. supplies both Broca’s area and wernicke’s area
