Chapter B6- Preventing and Treating Disease Flashcards
What is injected into the persons body in the first stage of the vaccination process?
What do the molecules in the vaccine do to you?
What do these organisms then do?
What does another white blood cell then do?
What type of cells are then retained which means you are now immune to future infections by that pathogen?
Why is this?
What is efficacy?
What is toxicity?
What is dosage?
Small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens are put into the body, often by injection.
They stimulate your white blood cells into making antibodies.
The antibodies stick to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen and cause them to clump together.
Surrounds and destroys the pathogen.
Memory cells.
Because your body can now produce a specific more amplified response the second time it encounters the pathogen.
How well does the drug work in treating the illness.
Does the drug have any unwanted side effects.
How much of the drug needs to be given to be effective without causing harm.
What do few newly tested drugs do?
What is pre clinical testing?
What are the clinical trials?
When is this only used?
Why are double blind trials used?
What is a placebo?
What two things can patients be given in the trials?
What are both the patients and doctors not told in double blind trials?
Why is this?
They rarely pass through all stages of the development process.
When the drug is tested in a laboratory using cultured cells, tissues and live animals.
The drug’s tested on healthy volunteers and patients.
The drug testing is only done if passed the pre-clinical testing.
Because it’s very important that the results from drug trials provide reliable results.
An inactive substance that looks like the real drug and is used a control during the trial.
Some are given the placebo, whilst others are given the real drug.
If they are getting the medicine or the placebo.
Because this helps to eliminate bias.
What cells are antibodies produced by and what cells are these?
What do most cells (including pathogens and animals cells from animals) contain and where?
What are antigens normally?
What do the cells producing antibodies fight against?
How do these cells grow and in what?
What can cancer cells grow forever in and give an example of a cell?
What does this example of cancer cells not do?
B-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
They contain antigens in their cell membranes.
They are normally proteins.
Antigens which are foreign to the body.
B-lymphocytes don’t grow forever in cell culture.
They can grow forever in cell culture, for example myeloma cells.
Myeloma cells don’t make antibodies.
What is produced if B-lymphocytes are fused to myeloma cells and what does this then allow?
What do myeloma cells specifically cause to the body?
What are the antibodies produced by the newly fused cells called?
What two ways can these antibodies be used in diagnosis?
In what other way can they be used and how?
What do these antibodies only attach to and deliver the poisons to?
What does this allow for the body?
Why are mouse lymphocytes used?
A hybridoma cell which can produce antibodies forever.
They are cancerous cells of the blood plasma specifically of the white blood cells.
Monoclonal antibodies.
Disease or pregnancy.
They can be used to kill cancer cells as specific antibodies are made against cancer cell antigens and a poison is attached to them in a test tube.
The antibodies only attach to cancer cells and deliver
the poison only to cancer cells.
It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
To make a particular antibody.
What are cells that cause immune responses called?
What do B-lymphocytes make?
What are antigens usually?
What are the three uses of antigens?
What are cells grown outside of the body grown in?
How long can lymphocytes grow for and so what do they have to be fused with?
What does a hybridoma cell do in cell culture?
Describe magic bullet therapy?
Describe the four uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Antigens.
Antibodies.
They are normally proteins.
- Some transport nutrients into the cell
- Some help to form tissues
- Some are receptors for hormones.
Cell culture.
For a short time so need to be fused to a myeloma cell to make antibodies forever.
It makes huge amounts of monoclonal antibodies forever.
Whereby the monoclonal antibodies can be removed from the hybridoma and linked to the poison in a test tube and then injected into cancer patients.
- To treat diseases
- Pregnancy tests
- To find specific substances in labs
- To fight cancers/tumours.
