Chapter B1- Cell Structure And Transport Flashcards
What’s an organelle?
What are the different parts of an animal cell?
What are the different parts of a plant cell?
What do the two organelles in the cytoplasm do?
What’s an prokaryote?
What’s an eukaryote?
What are plasmids?
What’s differentiation (explain in terms of both plants and animals)?
Small parts in a cell which perform a specific role in the cell.
Mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus, cell membrane.
Cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria, cell wall, vacuole and chloroplast.
Ribosomes: produce proteins from amino acids and mitochondria: which produce energy from aerobic respiration.
Cells that don’t have a nucleus -cells that’s DNA isn’t surrounded by a nuclear membrane, (eg bacteria cells).
Cells that have a nucleus- cells that’s nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane, (eg an animal cell).
A small piece of DNA which is circular and exists independently of the chromosomes, which can have genes for antibiotic resistance.
Cells in animals that become specialised early on in development, some of which remain undifferentiated eg stem cells. Plants also develop specialised cells but remain in the cells of the plant for the rest of its life.
What’s the location and function for the following cells:
Sperm Nerve Muscle Plant root hair Xylem Phloem
Testes, to fertilise an egg cell so they can make a foetus.
Throughout the body, to carry nerve (electrical) impulses around the body.
Throughout the body, attaches to bones to allow movement.
In the roots of the plant, to collect water and essential minerals from the soil.
The vein of the plant, to transport water to other cells around the plant.
The vein of the plant, transports glucose dissolved in water to plant cells around the plant.
What are the three types of microscopes used to study cells?
What’s resolution?
What’s the equation to calculate actual size?
What’s the equation to calculate magnification?
What’s the equation to calculate image size?
What are the six parts of a microscope?
Light microscope, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope.
Resolving power, means the ability to distinguish between two objects that are distinct in space (basically the minimal distance to tell two things apart from each other).
Actual size= image size ➗magnification.
Magnification = image size ➗actual size.
Image size= actual size ✖️magnification.
Eyepiece; coarse adjustment knob; fine adjustment knob; high and low power objective lenses; stage and light.
What is diffusion?
What does pressure go from?
What is something said to have if it diffuses from a high or low concentration?
What’s the ratio containing the two variables that affects diffusion?
What’s osmosis?
What do salt and sugar do to cells?
What’s active transport?
What three words can be used to describe the concentration gradient of something?
The movement of substances from areas of high concentration to low concentration (random movement).
High to low.
A high or low concentration gradient.
Surface Area: Volume Ratio.
The diffusion of water (or movement of water) from high to low concentrations across a partially permeable (holes in it, but not like porous) cell membrane- by random movement from a more dilute to more concentrated solutions.
Suck water out of them.
A natural process which uses energy to move substances from low to high concentrations across cell membranes (e.g. glucose from gut cells transported into the blood). This process also goes against a concentration gradient.
High,low,no.
What are respiration inhibitors and what do they do?
What is urea?
What does the storage organelle do in a plant cell?
What does the extra wall organelle do in a plant cell?
Poisons such as cyanide which stop mitochondria from carrying out aerobic respiration. This massively reduces the energy available to cells, causing active transport to slow and stop.
Extra amino acids broken down (are poisonous).
Stores water and nutrients, maintains the ph of a plant cell (the vacuole).
Protects and supports the plant cell (the cell wall).
What does the box in the middle of the plant cell store?
What do ribosomes do?
What do mitochondria do?
What is the cell wall made from in a plant cell?
What does the cell membrane do?
What does the cytoplasm do?
What are chloroplasts and what do they do?
What is the nucleus and what does it do?
It stores cell sap, salts and toxins.
Make proteins from amino acids using protein synthesis
Make energy using aerobic respiration.
Cellulose.
Selects substances to pass through.
Contains organelles where chemical reactions take place.
Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
The nucleus is the location of a cells DNA and controls cell activities.
What are plant cells called when filled with water?
What are plant cells called having lost water?
What happens in osmosis and diffusion concerning concentration?
What are the four characteristics of alveoli that make them specialised to maximise the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
What are two characteristics of villi inside the small intestine?
What are the four characteristics of a sperm cell to help it achieve its function (in detail)?
What are four examples of factors (other than concentration gradient) that affect the rate of diffusion into a cell?
What do root hair cells have in many millions and what do they do?
Turgid.
Plasmolysed.
High— Low concentration.
- An enormous surface area
- A moist lining for dissolving gases
- Very thin walls
- A good blood supply.
- A single layer of surface cells
- A very good blood supply to assist quick absorption.
- Has a tail to enable it to swim to the egg
- Has lots of mitochondria to give it energy
- Has a streamlined head to aid swimming
- Head contains enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the egg cell.
The temperature; the distance for the diffusion; the permeability of the membrane; surface area of the cell.
Root hair cells have elongated hairs that stick out into the soil.
