Chapter B15- Genetics and Evolution Flashcards
What is there in each species concerning characteristics and what is this called?
What are examples of natural selection events?
Describe natural selection?
What is extinction?
What are the five reasons for extinction?
What has been shown that provides evidence for Darwin’s theory?
What are fossils and what are they found in?
What are the three ways in which fossils are formed?
What are some examples of the third way in which fossils are formed?
What is the reason for the first way in which fossils are formed?
A variation of characteristics (phenotype)
Earthquakes, floods, disease
- A natural selection event occurs
- Individuals with the correct phenotype survive
- They breed and pass on successful characteristics in their success
- Variation occurs again until the next natural selection event
Meaning when there’s no remaining members of a species
- Natural disaster (eg asteroid)
- Disease
- Famine
- Rapid change in habitat
- New predators
That characteristics are passed on to offspring in genes
The remains of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks
- From parts of organisms that haven’t decayed
- Parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay
- As preserved traces of organisms
Because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent.
What were many early forms of life and what does this mean for traces of them?
What happened to the traces that there were of these early forms of life?
What does this mean for scientists theories of how life began on Earth?
Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?
What causes new strains to be produced in bacteria?
What might some new strains be and so what might happen to them?
What will then happen to the resistant strains?
How can doctors reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains and give examples?
How can patients reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains and why?
What should be restricted to reduce the rate of development antibiotics resistant strains?
What two things are the development of new antibiotics?
Therefore, what is the development of new antibiotics unlikely to do?
Soft bodied which means that they left few traces behind#
They were mainly destroyed by geological activity
This is why scientists cannot be certain about how life began on Earth
Because they reproduce at a fast rate
Mutations of bacterial pathogens
Some strains might be resistant to antibiotics and so are not killed
They will spread because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment
Doctors should not prescribe antibiotics inappropriately, such as when treating non-serious or viral infections
Patients should complete their course of antibiotics so all bacteria are killed and non survive to mutate and form resistant strains
The agricultural use of antibiotics
Costly and slow
Keep up with the emergence of new resistant strains.
What is the order of classification in animals?
What is the makeup of animals names?
What are the three domains (or large groups) for all living things?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Genus and the species put together
Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya
What are bacteria and archea?
What don’t bacteria and archea have?
What does Eukarya include and what do these have?
How were living things traditionally classified and who invented this system?
What did he classify living things into?
What are archea and where do they live in?
What are the four organisms included in Eukarya?
Who developed the three domain system?
What are evolutionary trees?
Prokaryotes
A membrane-bound nucleus
All eukaryotes (eg plants, animals and fungi) which have a nucleus with a membrane around them
Into groups depending on their structure and characteristics in a system developed by Carl Linnaeus
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species
Primitive bacteria usually living in extreme environments
Protists, fungi, plants and animals
Carl Woese
A method used by scientists to show how they believe organisms are related
Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?
What did he propose that individuals within a particular species show?
What did he propose happens to individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment?
What did he propose then happens to these characteristics that enabled these individuals to survive?
What were the three reasons why the theory of evolution by natural selection was only gradually accepted?
Who independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?
What did he do?
What is he best known for?
Charles Darwin
A wide range of variation for a characteristic
They are more likely to survive to breed successfully
They are then passed on to the next generation
- The theory challenged the idea that god made all the animals and plants that live on the Earth
- There was insufficient evidence at the time
- Inheritance and variation wasn’t discovered until 50 years after the theory was published
Alfred Russel Wallace
Worked worldwide gathering evidence for evolutionary theory
His work on warning colouration in animals and his theory of evolution.
What did Alfred Wallace do concerning speciation?
What did Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin do and in what year?
What did this lead Darwin to do and in what year?
What did Gregor Mendel do in the mid 19th century?
What was one of his observations?
What observed in the late 19th century?
What was observed in the early 20th century?
What idea did this lead to?
What was determined and worked out in the mid 20th century?
He did much pioneering work on speciation
They published joint writings in 1858
Lead Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species in 1859 the following year
Carried out breeding experiments on plants
That the inheritance of each characteristic is determined by units that are passed on to descendants unchanged
Behaviour of chromosomes during cell division was observed
That chromosomes and Mendel’s units behaved in similar way
The idea that the “units”, now called genes, were located in chromosomes
The structure of DNA was determined and the mechanism of gene function worked out.
