Chapter B3- Organisation and the Digestive System Flashcards
Describe what cells lead to when they aggregate?
What does aggregate mean?
How is an organ created?
What are the main four types of tissues?
State all of the organs in the digestive system?
What is a catalyst?
What does bile do?
What’s this process called?
Cells-Tissues-organs-organ systems-organisms
When cells collect together.
When different tissues aggregate together.
Muscle, epithelial, glandular and nervous (MEGAN).
The mouth, Oesophagus (food pipe/gullet), Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, liver, pancreas, rectum and anus.
Something that speeds up a chemical reaction.
Bile breaks up large fat droplets into tiny droplets, to provide a larger surface area for digestion, to then be broken down by lipases.
Emulsification.
What solution do you use to test for sugar?
What solution do you use to test for protein?
What solution do you use to test for starch?
What colours do these start and end up at?
What solution do you use to test for lipids and what colours does it start and end up at?
What is amylase?
What do enzymes do?
What do digestive enzymes do?
Benedict’s.
Biuret.
Iodine.
Blue to brick red or orange for benedict’s.
Light blue to violet (purple) for biuret solution.
Brown-orange to black for iodine.
Sudan II test, which if lipids are present, the sample will separate out into two layers. The top layer will be bright red. Remember it goes from pink to bright red.
An enzyme which breaks down starch.
Catalyse specific reactions in living organisms due to the shape of their active site.
Convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
What do carbohydrases do?
What do proteases do?
What do lipases do?
What are the products of digestion used to build?
Where is bile made and stored in, before being released to where?
What is bile?
What is bile not?
What increases the rate of fat broken down by lipases?
Describe the properties of enzymes?
Break down carbohydrates into simple sugars.
Break down proteins to amino acids.
Break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids.
New carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration.
Made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, before it’s released into the small intestine
An alkaline that neutralises hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Bile isn’t an enzyme.
The alkaline conditions and large surface area due to the emulsification of fat.
Optimum temperature is at 37oc at a ph7.
They break down large insoluble to small insoluble.
They don’t get used up in a chemical reaction.
Biological catalysts.
Made from proteins.
What does the mouth contain?
What does the stomach do/contain?
For what two reasons does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?
What does the pancreas make and secrete (expend) and to where?
What does the small intestine produce and why?
What does the small intestine do?
What does the large intestine do?
What does the rectum do?
What does the anus do?
What does are simple sugars and starch (concerning size and solubility)?
What is a substrate?
Amylase (to break down starch).
Has a ph 1 of 2
Contains an enzyme Pepsin (a protease).
Only breaks down proteins.
- To kill bacteria
- To give the right ph for the protease enzyme to work (ph 2-acidic).
Protease/lipase/carbohydrases enzymes. It releases these into the small intestine.
Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion.
This is also where the digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system and into the blood.
Absorbs water from diarrhoea (food left over) to stop water loss.
Stores faeces.
Expels faeces.
Simple sugars are small insoluble molecules.
Starch are large insoluble molecules.
The substrate is the substance broken down by a specific enzyme.
What’s the active site?
What’s the function of the active site?
What is metabolism and what are the two reactions?
What can only one substrate do to an enzyme?
What’s it called when a substrate fits into an enzyme?
What does the stomach only break down?
What happens ,if the temperature of the body increases to over 40oC, to the enzyme?
What does this mean concerning amino acids?
What then happens to the enzyme?
What is the enzyme said to have been?
The place where an enzyme and the substrate join.
The active site is where the substrate involved in the reaction fits.
The total of all chemical reactions in all cells. It’s the total of all anabolic (building up large molecules) or catabolic reactions (breaking down of large molecules).
Only one substrate can fit into the active site of an enzyme.
Enzyme substrate complex.
Proteins.
The protein structure of the enzyme is affected by the high temperature.
The long amino acid chains begin to unravel.
As a result the shape of the active site changes.
Denatured.
What is meant by the following terms:
Organ system
Tissue
Organ
What is the role of the digestive system?
A group of organs working together to perform a particular function
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
It breaks down food from large insoluble to small soluble molecules to be absorbed into the bloodstream for use in respiration.
