Chapter B12- Homeostasis in Action Flashcards
Why does the body have to keep it’s core temperature at 37oC?
What happens a few degrees above or below normal body temperature?
What does the body have to balance to keep the core temperature constant?
What does the thermoregulatory centre in the brain contain and what do these do?
What does the thermoregulatory centre also do?
What are the effectors used when cooling down?
What are the effectors used when warming up?
What does the thermoregulatory centre act as in both of these processes?
What do some effectors work as and what does this allow for?
The optimum temperature for enzymes in the body
The enzymes don’t function properly
The amount of energy gained and lost
Contains receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain
Receives impulses from temperature receptors in the skin, giving information about skin temperature
Sweat glands
Muscles
A coordination centre as it triggers effects automatically
Antagonistically; they’ll work at the same time to achieve a very precise temperature and allows for a more sensitive response.
What does the body do when it’s hot?
What does this allow for?
What do the blood vessels supplying the skin do?
What is this process called?
What does this process help with?
What does the body do when it’s cold?
What doesn’t happen?
What do the blood vessels supplying the skin do and why?
What is this process called?
What else does the body do when it’s cold and how does this happen?
What does this process need and what does it do?
What is homeostasis?
Sweat is produced by sweat glands and evaporates from the skin
Energy to be transferred to the environment
Dilate so more blood flows close to the surface of the skin
Vasodilation
The transferring of energy from the skin to the environment
Hairs stand up to trap an insulating layer of air
No sweat is produced
Constrict blood supply to the capillaries to close off the skin’s blood supply
Vasoconstriction
You shiver (the muscles contract automatically)
Respiration, which transfers some energy to warm the body
The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism.
What are the steps to show a response happening?
What can the last one be?
What are four things that have to be kept constant in the body?
What are these four things controlled by?
What can these automatic control systems involve?
What does the skin contain and do?
What two substances are controlled by the kidneys and how do these enter the body?
What happens if the levels of water and ions are not controlled?
What urine contain?
What does the bladder do and not do?
Where does the blood first pass through and what happens?
What four substances does this include?
What three substances are now released as urine?
Receptor—Co-ordinator — Effector
Muscle or a gland
Water
Ions (salts/minerals)
Temperature
Sugar
Homeostasis
Nervous response or chemical responses
Contains temperature receptors and sends nervous impulses to the thermoregulatory centre
Water and ions, which enter the body when we eat and drink
Then the water can move in or out of cell by osmosis and damage them
Urea, water and ions
The bladder stores urine it doesn’t make it
Capillaries where small molecules are filtered out of the blood
Including urea, glucose, ions and water
Urea, excess water and excess ions.
How does water leave the body?
What three substances do the lungs and skin have not control over?
What happens if body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis?
What results from the digestion of proteins from the diet?
What firstly happens to this substance in the liver?
In what two ways do the kidneys produce urine?
What is the water level in the body controlled by?
Where does this act on?
Where and when is this hormone released?
What does this releasing cause?
What is this controlled by?
In what two ways can people who suffer from kidney failure be treated?
Via the lungs during exhalation
The loss of water, ions or urea
They don’t function efficiently
Excess amino acids which need to be excreted safely
The amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia
By filtration of blood and selective reabsorption of useful substances
The hormone ADH
The kidney tubules
Released by the pituitary gland when the blood is too concentrated
More water to be reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules
Negative feedback
By organ transplant or by using kidney dialysis.
Describe the process of deamination?
What five substances are moved by filtration?
What five substances are reabsorbed by the kidneys?
What three substances are excreted?
What is the machine that carries out the functions of the kidneys called?
What firstly happens in a dialysis machine?
What is on the other side of these membranes?
What does the dialysis fluid contain?
What happens to the blood if they kidney’s don’t work?
What does the dialysis fluid contain the same of a person without kidney disease?
How do the excess ions move out of the blood into the dialysis fluid?
What does this do to the blood plasma?
Where excess amino acids are transported to the liver, where their amino groups are removed and converted to urea
Glucose, ions, water, urea and vitamins
Glucose, ions, water, urea and vitamins
Excess ions, excess water and urea
Dialysis machine
A person’s blood leaves their body and flows between partially permeable membranes
Dialysis fluid
The same concentration of useful substances as the blood of a healthy person
The concentration of urea and mineral ions build up in the blood
The same concentration of glucose and mineral ions
By diffusion down a concentration gradient
Leaving the blood plasma concentration of mineral ions at normal levels.
What is kidney transplants?
How is this done?
What will be different to the recipient?
What is there a risk of?
What two things will this result in?
What is done to prevent these things from happening?
What is the recipient given as well?
What are these known as?
What does isotonic mean?
What two other substances are added in excess?
Where diseased kidney’s can be replaced
By using a single healthy kidney from a donor
The antigens of the donor
That the antibodies of the immune system of the recipient will attack the antigens on the donor organ
The rejection and destruction of the donated kidney
The match between the antigens of the donor and the recipient is made as close as possible
Drugs to suppress their immune system for the rest of their life
Immunosuppressant drugs
Equal concentrations of salt, ions and water
Extra glucose and extra calcium.
