Chapter B14- Variation and Evolution Flashcards
What does genetic modification involve?
What is a vector?
What is a DNA plasmid?
How can this be used in genetic modification?
What is then used to seal in the new gene?
What is selective breeding?
What is another name for selective breeding?
What does selective breeding involve?
What are the two types of desired characteristics?
What are four examples of desired characteristics?
What can selective breeding lead to and describe this?
The transfer of the desirable gene(s) at the embryo stage of the recipient
A DNA plasmid from a bacterium
A circular, double stranded DNA found in bacteria
This can be removed and cut with enzymes to open it
DNA enzymes
The process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics
Artificial selection
Choosing parents with the desired characteristics from a mixed population
Usefulness or appearance
- Disease resistance in food crops
- Animals which produce more meat or milk
- Domestic dogs with a gentle nature
- Large or unusual flowers
Inbreeding where some breeds end up genetically similar to each other.
What is genetic engineering and what does it involve?
In what two ways have plant crops been genetically engineered?
In what way have bacteria cells been genetically engineered and give an example?
What happens in genetic engineering?
What are Genetically modified crops?
What are two examples of GM crops?
What is an example of a concern about GM crops?
What is the first stage of genetic engineering?
What is the second stage of genetic engineering?
What is the third stage of genetic engineering?
What is the fourth stage of genetic engineering?
A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic
- To be resistant to diseases
- To produce bigger better fruits
To produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes
Genes from the chromosomes of humans and other organisms can be “cut out” and transferred to cells of other organisms
Crops that have had their genes modified by genetic engineering
Ones that are resistant to insect attack or to herbicides
The effect in the populations of wild flowers and insects
Enzymes are used to isolate the required gene.
This gene is then inserted into a vector (usually a bacterial plasmid or virus)
The vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells
Genes are transferred to the cells of animals, plants or microorganisms at an early stage in their development so that they develop with desired characteristics.
What is a disadvantage of using GM crops concerning herbicide resistance?
What is another disadvantage of using GM crops?
What do GM crops generally show?
What does a fermenter help with in the cloning of an insulin gene?
What process does it do this and which process doesn’t it?
What is tissue culture?
What is tissue culture important for?
Describe the process of cuttings?
What are embryo transplants?
-GM plants with herbicide resistance could pass on resistance gene (in pollen) to wild plants and these spread through the plant population
Long term effects of inserting foreign genes into crops are unknown
Increased yields
The fermenter helps bacteria to grow
By binary fission- not by meiosis
Using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants
The preserving rare plant species or commercially in nurseries
An older, but simple, method used by gardeners to produce many identical new plants from a parent plant
Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers.
What is an embryo made of?
What can embryos be made into and how?
What are examples of this?
What is used in tissue culture and what does it contain?
What can plant cells do?
What can then happen given the correct medium?
Undifferentiated (unspecialised) cells
Embryos can be split at early stages to make herds of clones
Sheep with thick wool and disease resistant animals
Agar type medium containing: mineral, proteins, fats and carbohydrates
Specialise into any other plant cell
Tissue culture can make many identical clones.
What are the five stages of adult cell cloning in order?
- The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell
- The nucleus of an adult body cell, such as a skin cell, is inserted into the egg cell
- An electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo
- These embryo cells contain the same genetic information as the adult skin cell
- When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female to continue its development.
