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Spring Semester 2013 > Chapter 9 Vascular System HA > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Vascular System HA Flashcards

Chapter 9 Workbook Vascular System

1
Q

Tiny arteries and veins that supply the walls of blood vessels.

A

Vasa Vasorum

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2
Q

Inner layer of vascular system.

A

Tunica Intima

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3
Q

Minute vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems.

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Communication between 2 blood vessels without any intervening capillary network.

A

anastomosis

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5
Q

Outer layer of vascular system, contains the vasa vasorum

A

Tunica adventitia

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6
Q

Middle layer of vascular system;veins have a thinner THIS than arteries

A

Tunica media

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7
Q

Arises INFERIOR to celiac axis; supplies proximal half of colon and small intestine

A

SMA- superior mesenteric artery

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8
Q

Vasculature that carries blood AWAY from heart

A

arteries

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9
Q

Small branch that supplies caudate and left lobe liver

A

left hepatic artery

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10
Q

Abdominal aorta bifurcates into these, which supply the lower extremeties

A

common iliac arteries

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11
Q

Arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta, travels posterior to the IVC to supply the kidney

A

Right renal artery

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12
Q

Branch of the common hepatic artery that supplies the stomach and duodenum.

A

GDA- Gastroduodenal artery

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13
Q

Largest arterial structure in the body; arises from left ventricle to supply the head, upper&lower extremities, and abdominopelvic cavity.

A

aorta

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14
Q

Arises from the anterior aortic wall at the L3-4 to supply the left transverse, descending,sigmoid colons and rectum

A

IMA-Inferior mesenteric artery

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15
Q

Arises from the celiac axis to supply the stomach and lower third of esophagus.

A

Left gastric artery

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16
Q

Arises from the celiac axis to supply the spleen, pancreas, stomach, and greater omentum

A

Splenic artery

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17
Q

Arises from the celiac axis to supply the liver

A

Common hepatic artery

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18
Q

Supplies the GB via the cystic artery

A

Right hepatic artery

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19
Q

Arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta and directly into the hilus of the kidney

A

left renal artery

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20
Q

Supplies the stomach

A

right gastric artery

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21
Q

Drains the spleen; travels horizontally across the abdomen (posterior to the pancreas) to join the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein

A

splenic vein

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22
Q

Three large veins that drain the liver and empty into the IVC

A

hepatic veins

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23
Q

Formed by the union of the SMV and splenic vein near the porta hepatis

A

portal vein

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24
Q

Leaves the HILUM to enter the lateral wall of the IVC

A

Right renal vein

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25
Q

Collapsible vascular structures that carry blood back to the heart

A

veins

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26
Q

Drains the left third of the colon and upper colon and joins the splenic vein

A

IMV- Inferior Mesenteric Vein

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27
Q

Leaves the renal hilum, travels anterior to the aorta and posterior tot he SMA to enter the lateral wall of the IVC

A

Left renal vein

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28
Q

Drains the proximal half of the colon and small intestine, travels vertically anterior to the IVC to join the splenic vein to form the portal veins

A

SMV- Superior mesenteric vein

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29
Q

Largest venous abdominal vessel that conveys blood from the body below the diaphragm to the right atrium of the heart

A

IVC

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30
Q

Weakening of the arterial wall

A

cystic medial necrosis

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31
Q

Permanent localized dilation of an artery, with a 1.5X increase in normal diameter

A

aneurysm

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32
Q

Thrombosis of the hepatic veins

A

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

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33
Q

Disease of the arterial vessels marked by thickening

A

arteriosclerosis

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34
Q

Circumferential enlargement of a vessel with tapering at both ends

A

fusiform aneurysm

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35
Q

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

A

TIPS

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36
Q

Localized dilation of a the vessel

A

saccular aneurysm

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37
Q

Condition in which the arterial wall becomes irregular due to plaque formation

A

atherosclerosis

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38
Q

Periportal collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction

A

Cavernous transformation of the portal vein

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39
Q

Tear in the intima or media of the abdominal aorta

A

dissecting aneurysm

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40
Q

Communication between an artery and vein

A

arteriovenous fistula

41
Q

Most commonly occurs due to intrinsic liver disease; also can result from portal vein, hepatic vein, or IVC obstructions, or prolonged congestive heart failure. May cause flow reversal, thrombosis of the portal system, or cavernous transformation of the portal vein.

A

Portal venous hypertension

42
Q

Pulsatile hematoma that results from leakage of blood into soft tissues abutting the punctured artery with fibrous encapsulation and failure ofthe vessel wall to heal

A

pseudoaneurysm

43
Q

Hereditary condition of connective tissue, bones, muscles, ligaments, and skeletal structures

A

Marfan syndrome

44
Q

Permanent dilation of an artery that froms when tensile strength of the arterial wall decreases

A

true aneurysm

45
Q

Vessels that have little or reversed flow in diastole and supply organs that dont need constant blood supply (ex. ECA and brachial arteries) CAN RESIST BLOODFLOW IF NECESSARY

A

Resistive

46
Q

Flow toward the liver

A

HepatoPETAL (TO the metal)

47
Q

Vessels that have a high diastolic component and supply organs that need constant perfusion (ex. hepatic and renal arteries) CANNOT RESIST BLOODFLOW

A

Nonresistive

48
Q

Peak systole minus peak diastole divided by peak systole

A

resistive index

49
Q

Increased spectral tracing turbulence that indicated flow disturbance

A

spectral broadening

50
Q

Flow away from liver

A

Hepatofugal

51
Q

Sonographer selects the exact site to record Doppler signals and sets the sample volume (gate) at this site

A

Doppler sample volume

52
Q

The root of the aorta arises from the ____ outflow tract of the heart.

A

left ventricle

53
Q

The ____ passes anterior to the third part of the duodenum and posterior to the neck of the pancreas, where it joins the splenic vein to become the main portal vein.

A

SMV- Superior Mesenteric Vein

54
Q

The ___ supplies the GB via the cystic artery.

A

Right hepatic artery

55
Q

The aorta continues the flow in the ___ cavity anterior and slightly __ of the vertebral column.

A

retroperitoneal, left

56
Q

The __ trunk is the first anterior branch of he aorta, arising 1-2 cm from the diaphragm.

A

celiac

57
Q

The ___ flows from the kidney posterior to the SMA and anterior to the aorta to enter the lateral wall of the IVC.

A

Left renal vein

58
Q

The diameter of the abdominal aorta measures approximately __ cm, tapering to __ after it proceeds inferiorly to the bifurcation into the iliac arteries.

A

2-3; 1-1.5

59
Q

The ___ is the second anterior branch, arising approx. 2cm from the celiac trunk.

A

SMA- Superior Mesenteric Artery

60
Q

Portal veins become__ as they progress into the liver from the porta hepatis.

A

smaller

61
Q

The ___ courses from the aorta posterior to the IVC and anterior to the vertebral column in a posterior and slightly caudal direction to enter the hilum of the kidney.

A

Right renal artery

62
Q

The ____ courses along the upper border of the head of the pancreas, behind the posterior layer of the peritoneal bursa, to the upper margin of the superior part of the duodenum, which forms the lower boundary of the epiploic foramen.

A

GDA- Gastroduodenal Artery

63
Q

Three arterial branches arise from the superior border of the aortic arch to supply the head, neck, and upper extremities: Name all three

A

brachiocephalic, left common carotid and left subclavian artery

64
Q

The ___ is formed posterior to the pancreas by the union of the SMV and splenic veins at the level of L2.

A

portal vein

65
Q

The __ artery takes a somewhat tortuous course horizontally to the left as it forms the superior border of the pancreas.

A

Splenic artery

66
Q

The portion of the femoral artery posterior to the knee is the :___

A

popliteal artery

67
Q

The ___ originate in the liver and drain into the IVC at the level of the diaphragm.

A

hepatic veins

68
Q

Name the 5 sections of aorta.

A

root, ascending, descending, abdominal, and bifuration into the iliacs

69
Q

List the 4 branches of the aorta that supply visceral organs and mesentary.

A

celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, and the renal arteries.

70
Q

Describe the function of the circulatory system.

A

To transport gases, nutrients, and essential substances to tissues and to take waste material from cells for excretion.

71
Q

List vein characteristics.

A

Contain valves to prevent backflow, venous return is aided by muscle contraction

72
Q

Describe differences between veins and arteries.

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, enclosed in a sheath that includes a vein and a nerve, more elastic to maintain steady bloodflow; Veins are hollow and collapsible, taking blood to the heart, little elasticity, larger diameter, move blood more slowly.

73
Q

Explain the vascular blood cycle.

A

Blood is taken from the heart by arteries that taper down to arterioles throughout the body. Then are exchanged by capillaries to the venous system which starts out in tiny veins that enlarge as they make their way back to the heart.

74
Q

Describe capillaries and their function.

A

Minute, hair sized vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems. They have one layer to facilitate transfer of nutrients and wastes.

75
Q

Describe how Doppler is used to distinguish the presence or absence of blood flow n a vessel from nonvascular structures.

A

Examples would be CBD from hepatic artery, to visualize flow patterns, to differentiate aneurysm from pseudeocyst

76
Q

A flow disturbance (increased velocity or obstruction of low) may result from the formation of an atheroma, AV fistula, _____ or aneurysmal dilation.

A

pseudoaneurysm

77
Q

Describe patient technique to visualize IVC.

A

Patient should hold their breath to initaite Valsalva maneuver which dilates the IVC, which can expand as much as 3-4cm by doing this.

78
Q

Explain how to differentiate IVC from aorta.

A

Aorta is pulsatile, follows the right of spine with the distal portion lying more posterior before bifurcation to the iliacs. IVC is not pulsatile, enlarges with breathing, follows the left of spine with the proximal portion curving slightly anterior as it punctures the diaphragm to enter the right atrium.

79
Q

___ is a pattern of blood flow, typically seen in large arteries, in which most cells are moving at the same velocity across the entire diameter of the vessel.

A

PLUG FLOW

80
Q

Doppler only records accurate velocity patterns when the beam is ___ to the flow.

A

parellel

81
Q

The flow patterm of the proximal abdominal aorta above the renal arteries shows a high ___ peak and a relatively low ___ component.

A

systolic; diastolic

82
Q

The main renal artery has a __ impedence (nonresistive) pattern with significant diastolic flow- usually 30-50% of peak systole.

A

low

83
Q

During rejection, the vascular impedance ___, resulting in decrease or even reversal of the diastolic flow.

A

increases

84
Q

The portal vein shows relatively ___ flow at low velocities, which may vary slightly with respirations.

A

continuous

85
Q

Cavernous transformation of the portal vein demonstrated ___ collateral channels in patients respirations.

A

periportal

86
Q

With a recanalized ___ vein, the main portal vein and the left portal vein show normal flow, but the flow in the right portal vein is reversed.

A

umbilical

87
Q

Describe the effect of gain settings when performing an abdominal aortic US.

A

Long scans of aorta should be at midline, transducer angles slightly left and folow aorta from xiphoid to bifurcation. The aorta will gradually taper close to the bifurcation. Increased pressure can move bowel gas, and thin patients might “pooch” stomach out for a better scanning window. Adjust TGC accordingly.

88
Q

Most common causes of aneurysms are:

A

arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

89
Q

The large aneurysm may rupture into the peritoneal cavity or retroperitoneum, causing ___ and a drop in ___.

A

intense back pain; hematocrit

90
Q

The normal measurement for an adult abd aorta is less than 3cm, measuring from __ to ___ walls.

A

outer to outer

91
Q

Thrombus usually occurs along the ___ or ___wall.

A

anterior or anterolateral

92
Q

A(n) _____ is a pulsatile hematome that results from the leakage of blood into the soft tissue abutting the punctured artery, with subsequent fibrous encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall defect to heal.

A

pseudoaneurysm

93
Q

Clinical findings of a patient with dissecting aneurysm?

A

40-60 yrs old, hypertensive, predominanylt male, CT ususally ordered first due to seriousness. Sudden excruciating chest pain followed by shock. If the aneurysm is a slow leak, US can be used.

94
Q

Describe 3 locations where dissection of the aorta may occur.

A

Type 1- root and arch, most dangerous, especially if dissection is spiralling around the aorta. Type 2- weakened arterial walls, stretched thin aorta. Type 3- lower end of descending aorta and abd aorta (renal artery area)

95
Q

Describe the pseudopulsatile masses that can simulate an aortic aneurysm.

A

retroperitoneal tumors, fibroid uterus, para-aortic nodules, because they occur close to the aorta they may “appear” pulsatile but are not. After an aneurysm, the most common pulsatile mass is an enlarged retroperitoneal lymph node.

96
Q

In patients with right ventricular failure, the IVC does not collapse with____.

A

expiration

97
Q

The most common origin of pulmonary emboli is venous thrombosis from the ___ extremities.

A

lower

98
Q

Describe complications of IVC thrombosis.

A

Life threatening, leg edema, low back pain, pelvic pain, GI complaints and liver and renal abnormalities.

99
Q

How can a sonographer determine if the IVC is dilated?

A

measured greater than 2cm and doesnt collapse on respiration

Spring Semester 2013 (13 decks)

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