Chapter 16 Retroperitoneum

Question 1

Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland

Answer 1

ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 2

Outer parenchyma of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones commonly called corticoids

Answer 2

cortex

Question 3

Portion of the pelvic cavity that is above the pelvic brim, bounded posteriorly by the lumbar vertebrae, laterally by the iliac fossae and iliacus muscles, and anteriorly by the lower anterior abdominal wall

Answer 3

false pelvis

Question 4

An increase in the number of cells of a body part that results from an increased rate of cellular division

Answer 4

hyperplasia

Question 5

Central portion of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 5

medulla

Question 6

Smooth, round, homogenous benign tumor of the adrenal cortex associated with Cushings syndrome

Answer 6

adenoma

Question 7

Condition caused by hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Answer 7

Addison’s disease

Question 8

Condition caused by hypersecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Answer 8

Cushing’s syndrome

Question 9

Malignancy that primarily affects the lymph nodes, spleen or liver

Answer 9

lymphoma

Question 10

Early embryonic tissue that will eventually develop into the brain and spinal cord

Answer 10

neuroectodermal tissue

Question 11

Malignant adrenal mass that is seen in periatric patients

Answer 11

neuroblastoma

Question 12

Benign adrenal tumor that secretes hormones that produce hypertension

Answer 12

pheochromocytoma

Question 13

Any disorder characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

Answer 13

lymphadenopathy

Question 14

The retroperitoneal space is the area between the posterior portion of the ___ and the ___ abdominal wall muscles.

Answer 14

parietal; posterior

Question 15

The retroperitoneal space is divided into 3 subspaces. Name them.

Answer 15

anterior perirenal, perirenal, posterior perirenal spaces

Question 16

The ___ space surrounds the kidney, adrenal, and perirenal fat.

Answer 16

perirenal space

Question 17

The ____ space includes the duodenum, pancreas, and ascending and transverse colons.

Answer 17

anterior perirenal space

Question 18

The ___ space includes the iliopsoas muscle, ureter, and branches of the IVC and their lymphatics.

Answer 18

posterior pararenal space

Question 19

The right adrenal is more ___ to the kidney, whereas the left adrenal is more __ to the kidney.

Answer 19

superior; medial

Question 20

The right renal artery crosses ___ to the crus and ___ to the IVC at the level of the right kidney.

Answer 20

anterior;posterior

Question 21

The ___ muscle, the fascia of which merges with the posterior transversalis fascia, makes up the medial border of this posterior space.

Answer 21

psoas

Question 22

The male sex organs are ___ and the female sex organs are ___.

Answer 22

androgens; estrogens

Question 23

Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex in humans is called ____.

Answer 23

Addison’s disease

Question 24

The steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex fall into the following three main categories:

Answer 24

mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones

Question 25

___ regulate electrolyte metabolism.

Answer 25

Mineralcorticoids

Question 26

The principal mineralcorticoid is ___.

Answer 26

aldosterone

Question 27

____ play a principal role in carbohydrate metabolism.

Answer 27

Glucocorticoids

Question 28

The primary glucocorticoids are ___ and ____.

Answer 28

cotisone and glucocortisone

Question 29

Adrenal tumors in women can promote secondary ___ characteristics.

Answer 29

masculine

Question 30

The adrenal cortex is controlled by ___ hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary.

Answer 30

adrenocorticotropic

Question 31

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amines, sometimes referred to as ___, that elevate the blood pressure.

Answer 31

catecholamines

Question 32

Describe the sonographic findings for the para-aortic lymph nodes.

Answer 32

Rounded, focal, echo poor lesions measuring 1-3cm and larger hypoechoic masses which often displace the kidney laterally; could include a "mantle" of nodes; floating or displaced aorta secondary to the enlarged nodes, or mesenteric "sandwich" sign

Question 33

Explain how to distinguish enlarged lymph nodes from bowel.

Answer 33

Lymph nodes remain as consistent patterns, whereas bowel and duodenum present with changing peristaltic patterns on US. With gentle pressure, lymph nodes remain constant, but bowel is compressed and displaced.

Question 34

Adrenal hemorrhages are more common in neonates who experienced a traumatic delivery that included __, ___, and ___.

Answer 34

stress, asphyxia, and septicemia

Question 35

The clinical symptoms of pheochromocytoma include intermittent ___, severe ___, heart ___, and excess perspiration.

Answer 35

hypertension, headaches palpitations.

Question 36

A ___ is a walled off collection of extravasated urine that develops spontaneously after trauma, surgery, or a subacute or chronic urinary obstruction.

Answer 36

urinoma