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Spring Semester 2013 > Chapter 13 GI Tract > Flashcards

Chapter 13 GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as the digestive tract; includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum and small and large intestine

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

Entrance of the esophagus into the stomach

A

cardiac orifice

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3
Q

First part of the duodenum

A

duodenal bulb

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4
Q

Helps support the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

gastrohepatic ligament

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5
Q

Helps support the greater curvature of the stomach

A

gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic, and lienorenal ligaments

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6
Q

Double fold of the peritoneum attached to the duodenum, stomach and large intestine; helps support the greater curvature of the stomach; known as the fatty apron

A

greater omentum

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7
Q

Normal segmentation of the wall of the colon

A

haustra

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8
Q

Ascending colon arises from the lower right quadrant to bend at this point to form the transverse colon

A

hepatic flexure

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9
Q

Suspends the stomach and the duodenum from the liver; helps to support the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

lesser omentum

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10
Q

Fold from the parietal peritoneum that attaches to the small intestine, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall

A

mesentery

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11
Q

5th layer of bowel

A

mesothelium

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12
Q

1st layer of bowel

A

mucosa

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13
Q

Third layer of bowel

A

muscularis

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14
Q

Muscle that connects the stomach to the proximal duodenum

A

pyloric canal

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15
Q

Inner folds of the stomach wall

A

rugae

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16
Q

4th layer of bowel; thin, loose layer of connective tissue, surrounded by mesothelium covering the intraperitoneal bowel loops

A

serosa

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17
Q

The transverse colon travels horizontally across the abdomen and bends at this point to form the descending colon

A

splenic flexure

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18
Q

One of the layers of bowel, under the mucosal layer; contains blood vessels and lymph channels

A

submucosa

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19
Q

Normal segmentation of the small bowel

A

valvulae conniventes

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20
Q

Inner folds of the small intestine

A

villi

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21
Q

Localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

A

abscess

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22
Q

Process of nutrient molecules passing through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph system

A

absorption

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23
Q

Hormone secreted into the blood by the mucosa of the upper small intestine; stimulates contraction of the GB and pancreatic secretion of enzymes

A

cholecystokinin

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24
Q

Endocrine hormone released from the stomach; stimulates secretion of gastric acid

A

gastrin

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25
Q

Located by drawing a line from the right anterosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus; at approximately the midpoint of this line lies the root of the appendix

A

McBurneys point

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26
Q

Rhythmic dilation and contraction of the GI tract as food is propelled through it

A

peristalsis

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27
Q

Released from the small bowel as antacid; stimulates secretion of bicarbonate

A

secretin

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28
Q

Fecalith of calcification located in the appendix

A

appendicolith

29
Q

Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdomen

A

ascites

30
Q

Inflammation of the bowel, accompanied by abscess and bowel wall thickening

A

Crohn’s disease

31
Q

Pouchlike herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ that occurs in the stomach, the small intestine, or more commonly, the colon.

A

diverticulum

32
Q

Calcified deposit within the appendix; appendicitis can develop when the appendix becomes blocked by hard fecal matter

A

fecalith

33
Q

Collection of blood

A

hemorrhage

34
Q

Malignancy of the lymph nodes, spleen or liver.

A

lymphoma

35
Q

Site of maximal tenderness in the right lower quadrant; usually with appendicitis

A

McBurney’s sign

36
Q

Congenital sac or blind pouch found in the lower portion of the ileum.

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

37
Q

Dilated fluid filled bowel loops without peristalsis

A

paralytic ileus

38
Q

Small tumor like growth that projects from a mucus membrane surface

A

polyp

39
Q

Characteristic of GI wall thickening consisting of an echogenic center and a hypoechoic rim

A

target sign

40
Q

List the sequential parts of the digestive system.

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum,jejunum,ileum), and large intestine (cecum, ascending-transverse-descending), rectum

41
Q

The lower end of the esophagus is a circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, constricting the tube so that the entrance to the stomach, at the ___ is generally closed. This helps to prevent gastric acid from moving up into the esophagus.

A

cardiac orifice

42
Q

The pylorus is further divided into the ___, the ____ canal, and the ____ sphincter.

A

antrum; pyloric; pyloric

43
Q

The duodenum is subdivided into four segments, name them.

A

superior, ascending transverse, descending

44
Q

The duodenal bulb is peritoneal, supported by the hepatoduodenal ligament, and passes ____ to the CBD, GDA, common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and head of the pancreas.

A

anterior

45
Q

The CBD joins the pancreatic duct to enter the ___.

A

ampulla of Vater

46
Q

The arteries that supply the esophagus include the inferior ___ branch of the ___artery that supplis the upper esophagus; the descending ___ aorta that supplies the mid esophagus; and the ___ branch of the celiac axis and the left inferior ___ artery of the abdominal aorta that supplies the lower end of the esophagus.

A

thyroid; subclavian; thoracic; gastric; phrenic

47
Q

The ___ outlines the small intestine and contains the superior mesenteric vessels, nerves, lymphatic glands, and fat between its 2 layers.

A

mesentery

48
Q

The nutrients are transported to the liver after they are absorbed by the ___; the liver processes and stores nutrients.

A

blood

49
Q

The 3 layers of smooth muscle in the wall enable the stomach to smash and churn food and move it along with ___.

A

peristalsis

50
Q

Gastric glands secrete gastric juice containing ___ acid and ___.

A

hydrochloric; enzymes

51
Q

The hormone ___, which is released by the stomach mucosa, stimulates gastric acid secretion.

A

gastrin

52
Q

GI hormones include ___ and ___.

A

cholecystokinin; secretin

53
Q

___ within the large intestine devour the chyme and in turn produce vitamins that can be absorbed and used by the body.

A

Bacteria

54
Q

The most common lab data that the sonographer may come across in a patient with GI disease relates to the presence of ___ in the stool.

A

blood

55
Q

As a result of chronic blood loss, ___ may be present.

A

anemia

56
Q

Describe a technique sonographers can use to image the GI tract.

A

After a baseline scan, an upright patient drinks 10-40 oz. of water to displace air and provide a window for the GI tract.

57
Q

The ___ junction is seen on the sagittal scan to the left of the midline as a bulls eye or target shaped structure anterior to the aorta, posterior to the left lobe of the liver, and inferior to the hemidiaphragm.

A

gastroesophageal

58
Q

The gastric ___ can be seen as a target shape in the midline.

A

antrum

59
Q

Describe the measures that should be taken if a patient presents with a “cystic” mass in the LUQ.

A

Carbonated drink to delineate “stomach bubbles”, nasogastric to drain stomach, watch dor change in size/shape of the stomach and/or mass with the ingestion of fluids, watch for peristalsis

60
Q

The sonographer usually cannot see the small bowel with ultrasound; the valvulae conniventes may be seen as linear echo densities spaced 3-5 cm apart. This is called the ___ and can be seen in the duodenum and jejunum.

A

keyboard sign

61
Q

The appendix is located on the abdominal wall under ___.

A

McBurneys point

62
Q

Movable intraluminal masses of congealed ingested materials that are seen on upper GI xrays are known as gastric ___.

A

bezoars

63
Q

A gastric ___ is an outgrowth of tissue from the wall.

A

polyp

64
Q

The most common tomor of the stomach is the ___.

A

leiomyoma

65
Q

___ is the result of luminal obstruction and inflammation, leading to ischemia of the veriform appendix.

A

Acute appendicitis

66
Q

The normal appendix can occasionally be visualized with gradual ___ on sono.

A

compression

67
Q

The US pattern of acute appendicitis is characterized by a ___ appearance of the appendix in transverse view.

A

target shaped

68
Q

A ___ designates gross enlargement of the appendix from accumulation of mucoid substance within the lumen.

A

mucocele

69
Q

___ is regional enteritis, a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum, colon, or both at any level.

A

Crohns disease

Spring Semester 2013 (13 decks)

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