Chapter 13 GI Tract

Question 1

Also known as the digestive tract; includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum and small and large intestine

Answer 1

alimentary canal

Question 2

Entrance of the esophagus into the stomach

Answer 2

cardiac orifice

Question 3

First part of the duodenum

Answer 3

duodenal bulb

Question 4

Helps support the lesser curvature of the stomach

Answer 4

gastrohepatic ligament

Question 5

Helps support the greater curvature of the stomach

Answer 5

gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic, and lienorenal ligaments

Question 6

Double fold of the peritoneum attached to the duodenum, stomach and large intestine; helps support the greater curvature of the stomach; known as the fatty apron

Answer 6

greater omentum

Question 7

Normal segmentation of the wall of the colon

Answer 7

haustra

Question 8

Ascending colon arises from the lower right quadrant to bend at this point to form the transverse colon

Answer 8

hepatic flexure

Question 9

Suspends the stomach and the duodenum from the liver; helps to support the lesser curvature of the stomach

Answer 9

lesser omentum

Question 10

Fold from the parietal peritoneum that attaches to the small intestine, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 10

mesentery

Question 11

5th layer of bowel

Answer 11

mesothelium

Question 12

1st layer of bowel

Answer 12

mucosa

Question 13

Third layer of bowel

Answer 13

muscularis

Question 14

Muscle that connects the stomach to the proximal duodenum

Answer 14

pyloric canal

Question 15

Inner folds of the stomach wall

Answer 15

rugae

Question 16

4th layer of bowel; thin, loose layer of connective tissue, surrounded by mesothelium covering the intraperitoneal bowel loops

Answer 16

serosa

Question 17

The transverse colon travels horizontally across the abdomen and bends at this point to form the descending colon

Answer 17

splenic flexure

Question 18

One of the layers of bowel, under the mucosal layer; contains blood vessels and lymph channels

Answer 18

submucosa

Question 19

Normal segmentation of the small bowel

Answer 19

valvulae conniventes

Question 20

Inner folds of the small intestine

Answer 20

villi

Question 21

Localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

Answer 21

abscess

Question 22

Process of nutrient molecules passing through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph system

Answer 22

absorption

Question 23

Hormone secreted into the blood by the mucosa of the upper small intestine; stimulates contraction of the GB and pancreatic secretion of enzymes

Answer 23

cholecystokinin

Question 24

Endocrine hormone released from the stomach; stimulates secretion of gastric acid

Answer 24

gastrin

Question 25

Located by drawing a line from the right anterosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus; at approximately the midpoint of this line lies the root of the appendix

Answer 25

McBurneys point

Question 26

Rhythmic dilation and contraction of the GI tract as food is propelled through it

Answer 26

peristalsis

Question 27

Released from the small bowel as antacid; stimulates secretion of bicarbonate

Answer 27

secretin

Question 28

Fecalith of calcification located in the appendix

Answer 28

appendicolith

Question 29

Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdomen

Answer 29

ascites

Question 30

Inflammation of the bowel, accompanied by abscess and bowel wall thickening

Answer 30

Crohn's disease

Question 31

Pouchlike herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ that occurs in the stomach, the small intestine, or more commonly, the colon.

Answer 31

diverticulum

Question 32

Calcified deposit within the appendix; appendicitis can develop when the appendix becomes blocked by hard fecal matter

Answer 32

fecalith

Question 33

Collection of blood

Answer 33

hemorrhage

Question 34

Malignancy of the lymph nodes, spleen or liver.

Answer 34

lymphoma

Question 35

Site of maximal tenderness in the right lower quadrant; usually with appendicitis

Answer 35

McBurney's sign

Question 36

Congenital sac or blind pouch found in the lower portion of the ileum.

Answer 36

Meckel's diverticulum

Question 37

Dilated fluid filled bowel loops without peristalsis

Answer 37

paralytic ileus

Question 38

Small tumor like growth that projects from a mucus membrane surface

Answer 38

polyp

Question 39

Characteristic of GI wall thickening consisting of an echogenic center and a hypoechoic rim

Answer 39

target sign

Question 40

List the sequential parts of the digestive system.

Answer 40

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum,jejunum,ileum), and large intestine (cecum, ascending-transverse-descending), rectum

Question 41

The lower end of the esophagus is a circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, constricting the tube so that the entrance to the stomach, at the ___ is generally closed. This helps to prevent gastric acid from moving up into the esophagus.

Answer 41

cardiac orifice

Question 42

The pylorus is further divided into the ___, the ____ canal, and the ____ sphincter.

Answer 42

antrum; pyloric; pyloric

Question 43

The duodenum is subdivided into four segments, name them.

Answer 43

superior, ascending transverse, descending

Question 44

The duodenal bulb is peritoneal, supported by the hepatoduodenal ligament, and passes ____ to the CBD, GDA, common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and head of the pancreas.

Answer 44

anterior

Question 45

The CBD joins the pancreatic duct to enter the ___.

Answer 45

ampulla of Vater

Question 46

The arteries that supply the esophagus include the inferior ___ branch of the ___artery that supplis the upper esophagus; the descending ___ aorta that supplies the mid esophagus; and the ___ branch of the celiac axis and the left inferior ___ artery of the abdominal aorta that supplies the lower end of the esophagus.

Answer 46

thyroid; subclavian; thoracic; gastric; phrenic

Question 47

The ___ outlines the small intestine and contains the superior mesenteric vessels, nerves, lymphatic glands, and fat between its 2 layers.

Answer 47

mesentery

Question 48

The nutrients are transported to the liver after they are absorbed by the ___; the liver processes and stores nutrients.

Answer 48

blood

Question 49

The 3 layers of smooth muscle in the wall enable the stomach to smash and churn food and move it along with ___.

Answer 49

peristalsis

Question 50

Gastric glands secrete gastric juice containing ___ acid and ___.

Answer 50

hydrochloric; enzymes

Question 51

The hormone ___, which is released by the stomach mucosa, stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Answer 51

gastrin

Question 52

GI hormones include ___ and ___.

Answer 52

cholecystokinin; secretin

Question 53

___ within the large intestine devour the chyme and in turn produce vitamins that can be absorbed and used by the body.

Answer 53

Bacteria

Question 54

The most common lab data that the sonographer may come across in a patient with GI disease relates to the presence of ___ in the stool.

Answer 54

blood

Question 55

As a result of chronic blood loss, ___ may be present.

Answer 55

anemia

Question 56

Describe a technique sonographers can use to image the GI tract.

Answer 56

After a baseline scan, an upright patient drinks 10-40 oz. of water to displace air and provide a window for the GI tract.

Question 57

The ___ junction is seen on the sagittal scan to the left of the midline as a bulls eye or target shaped structure anterior to the aorta, posterior to the left lobe of the liver, and inferior to the hemidiaphragm.

Answer 57

gastroesophageal

Question 58

The gastric ___ can be seen as a target shape in the midline.

Answer 58

antrum

Question 59

Describe the measures that should be taken if a patient presents with a "cystic" mass in the LUQ.

Answer 59

Carbonated drink to delineate "stomach bubbles", nasogastric to drain stomach, watch dor change in size/shape of the stomach and/or mass with the ingestion of fluids, watch for peristalsis

Question 60

The sonographer usually cannot see the small bowel with ultrasound; the valvulae conniventes may be seen as linear echo densities spaced 3-5 cm apart. This is called the ___ and can be seen in the duodenum and jejunum.

Answer 60

keyboard sign

Question 61

The appendix is located on the abdominal wall under ___.

Answer 61

McBurneys point

Question 62

Movable intraluminal masses of congealed ingested materials that are seen on upper GI xrays are known as gastric ___.

Answer 62

bezoars

Question 63

A gastric ___ is an outgrowth of tissue from the wall.

Answer 63

polyp

Question 64

The most common tomor of the stomach is the ___.

Answer 64

leiomyoma

Question 65

___ is the result of luminal obstruction and inflammation, leading to ischemia of the veriform appendix.

Answer 65

Acute appendicitis

Question 66

The normal appendix can occasionally be visualized with gradual ___ on sono.

Answer 66

compression

Question 67

The US pattern of acute appendicitis is characterized by a ___ appearance of the appendix in transverse view.

Answer 67

target shaped

Question 68

A ___ designates gross enlargement of the appendix from accumulation of mucoid substance within the lumen.

Answer 68

mucocele

Question 69

___ is regional enteritis, a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum, colon, or both at any level.

Answer 69

Crohns disease